Ten Years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a Review of Version 2.0

Meule, Adrian; Gearhardt, Ashley N.

doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00261-3

Cited by 93 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The highest prevalence rates of YFAS 2.0 diagnoses have been found in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) [ 49 ]. The relationship between FA and BMI has been described as non-linear: FA symptomatology can be higher in some underweight groups, in some cases related to compensatory behaviors that maintain lower BMIs [ 50 ].…”

Section: Eating Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple lines of evidence suggest that individuals with FA have more depressive symptoms than controls [ 60 , 105 , 130 , 150 , 151 , 152 ]. A recent review of studies using YFAS identified depressive symptoms as a clinically relevant correlate [ 49 ]. Meta-analysis suggests that FA is significantly correlated to depression (r = 0.459) [ 4 ].…”

Section: Other Psychiatric Diagnosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Wiss

Brewerton

2020

Nutrients

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Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction “diagnosis” among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or “the signal”) from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or “restraint”) that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or “the noise”). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.

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Section: Eating Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Psychiatric Diagnosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Wiss

Brewerton

2020

Nutrients

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“…The YFAS has been translated and validated in English (12) , German (33) , Italian (34) , Spanish (35) and Japanese (36) . The YFAS is the most commonly used tool to assess food addiction (3,37) . For this reason, the results of the YFAS are presented in this article.…”

Section: Assessment Of Food Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders

2019

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The concept of food addiction is currently a highly debated subject within both the general public and the scientific communities. The term food addiction suggests that individuals may experience addictive-like responses to food, similar to those seen with classic substances of abuse. An increasing number of studies have established the prevalence and correlates of food addiction. Moreover, food addiction may be associated with obesity and disordered eating. Thus, intervening on food addiction may be helpful in the prevention and therapy of obesity and eating disorders. However, controversy exists about if this phenomenon is best defined through paradigms reflective of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) substance-related disorders (e.g. food addiction) or non-substance-related disorders (e.g. eating addiction) criteria. This review paper will give a brief summarisation of the current state of research on food addiction, a more precise definition of its classification, its differentiation from eating addiction and an overview on potential overlaps with eating disorders. Based on this review, there is evidence that food addiction may represent a distinct phenomenon from established eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. Future studies are needed to further examine and establish orthogonal diagnostic criteria specific to food addiction. Such criteria must differentiate the patterns of eating and symptoms that may be similar to those of eating disorders to further characterise food addiction and develop therapy options. To date, it is too premature to draw conclusions about the clinical significance of the concept of food addiction.

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“…Emotional eating has been viewed as a potential precursor of compulsive overeating and addictive-like eating behaviors [ 26 , 27 , 28 ] and accumulating evidence suggests that (i) individuals with high levels of negative affectivity are prone to use food for self-medication purposes and to adopt addictive-like eating behaviors [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], and (ii) that psychological distress has differential effects on anthropometric indices (BMI, waist circumference and weight gain) as a function of the level of EE or FA (i.e., that emotionally driven and addictive-like eating act as mediators between low mood and high body weight) [ 28 , 31 , 32 ]. In addition, a diagnosis of FA, as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scales (YFAS, mYFAS, YFAS2.0, mYFAS2.0), has been found to be positively associated with depression and EE, and FA and EE are prevalent among high BMI populations [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. However, the extent to which these patterns of association are specific to obesity or concerns all weight classes remains largely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different studies have examined emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors in high BMI populations, but the majority of them either included patients seeking bariatric surgery or they did not clearly differentiate obese people from overweight people [ 33 , 34 ]. Of note, besides the prevalence of FA, the question of whether obese and overweight people differ in the type of FA symptoms they endorse has been overlooked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Psycho-Affective Roots of Obesity: Results from a French Study in the General Population

Bourdier¹,

Fatséas

Maria

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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The aim of the study was to examine the extent to which obese people differ in their emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors from normal-weight and overweight people. A total of 1142 participants were recruited from a general population, by a web-based cross-sectional survey assessing anxiety/depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), emotional eating (Emotional Appetite Questionnaire), food addiction (modified Yale Food Addiction Scale), and intuitive eating (Intuitive Eating Scale-2). The statistical design was based on analyses of (co)variance, correlograms, and mediations. A set of Body Mass Index (BMI) group comparisons showed that obese people reported higher levels of depression and emotional eating and that they experienced more severe and frequent food addiction symptoms than overweight and normal-weight people. Associations between anxiety, depression, food addiction symptoms’ count, and the difficulties to rely on hunger and satiety cues were found across all weight classes, suggesting that addictive-like eating may represent a unique phenotype of problematic eating behavior that is not synonymous with high BMI or obesity. Conversely, the interrelation between anxiety/depression, emotional eating, and the difficulties to rely on hunger and satiety cues was found only among obese participants, and negative emotional eating mediated the association between depression and anxiety and the difficulties to rely on hunger and satiety cues. This study emphasizes the necessity to develop more comprehensive approaches integrating emotional dysregulation and addictive-like eating behaviors to improve weight management and quality of life of obese people.

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Ten Years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a Review of Version 2.0

Cited by 93 publications

References 47 publications

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders

The Psycho-Affective Roots of Obesity: Results from a French Study in the General Population

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