Tensile Fatigue in Bone: Are Cycles-, or Time to Failure, or Both, Important?

Zioupos, Peter; Currey, John D.; Casinos, Adriá

doi:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2316

Cited by 71 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In some biological tissues, such as tendon, dentin and bone, time-dependent damage may contribute to failure in conditions of repeated loading (Caler and Carter, 1989;Bowman et al, 1998;Zioupos et al, 2001;Nalla et al, 2003;Nalla et al, 2005;Wren et al, 2003). As a result, loading frequency, leading to different total loading times and different amounts of time-dependent damage, sometimes influences or even determines fatigue behavior; that is, the number of cycles to failure for given repeatedly applied stresses (Caler and Carter, 1989;Zioupos et al, 2001;Nalla et al, 2003).…”

Section: Time-dependent Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, loading frequency, leading to different total loading times and different amounts of time-dependent damage, sometimes influences or even determines fatigue behavior; that is, the number of cycles to failure for given repeatedly applied stresses (Caler and Carter, 1989;Zioupos et al, 2001;Nalla et al, 2003). Additionally, biological materials may develop creep strains upon repeated application of loadings in fatigue tests (Carter and Caler, 1983;Bowman et al, 1998;Wren et al, 2003).…”

Section: Time-dependent Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and biological consequences of repetitive loading: crack initiation and fatigue failure in the red macroalga Mazzaella

Mach

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYOn rocky shores, wave-swept macroalgae experience dramatic and repeated wave-induced hydrodynamic forces. However, previous studies of macroalgal mechanics have shown that individual waves are not forceful enough to account for observed rates of breakage. Instead, fatigue may contribute to algal breakage, with damage accumulating over time in conditions of repeated loading. Here I examine the entire process of fatigue, from crack initiation to eventual specimen fracture, in the common red alga Mazzaella. Propensity for fatigue failure in laboratory tests varied with life history phase and species: at a given repeated loading stress, male gametophytes endured more loading cycles before breakage than tetrasporophytes, which in turn lasted longer than female gametophytes; likewise, M. splendens withstood more loading cycles at a given repeated loading stress than M. flaccida. Fatigue failure begins with formation of cracks, the timing and location of which were assessed. Cracks formed, on average, after approximately 80-90% of cycles required for failure had passed, although crack timing varied with life history phase. Also, crack formation frequently occurred in association with endophytes and female gametophyte reproductive structures, suggesting a cost of endophyte infection and a tradeoff between reproduction and mechanical survival. Comparison between laboratory and field loading conditions provides robust confirmation that fatigue breaks fronds in natural M. flaccida populations. Large, female gametophyte fronds are predicted to be most susceptible to fatigue failure in the field, whereas small, male gametophyte fronds are least likely to break.

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Section: Time-dependent Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Time-dependent Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and biological consequences of repetitive loading: crack initiation and fatigue failure in the red macroalga Mazzaella

Mach

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Immediately after slaughtering, the ten fresh specimens were reamed from corpses, cleaned and sank in physiologic saline 0.009 and kept at 4°C [8,12] . Fresh bone specimens were tested after less than 24 h. For longer intervals, the specimens should be frozen at -20°C in saline soaked gauze and thawed at room temperature just before testing [8,9,12] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fresh bone specimens were tested after less than 24 h. For longer intervals, the specimens should be frozen at -20°C in saline soaked gauze and thawed at room temperature just before testing [8,9,12] . The other two specimens were preserved in refrigerator, for dry tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Does The Bone Shaft Geometry Affect its Bending Properties?

Saffar¹

2009

American Journal of Applied Sciences

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Abstract:In this research, ten fresh specimens of sheep tibiae were provided from slaughtered animals. Whole bone specimens were loaded in three-point bending according to standard wet bone test protocols. Mechanical properties were determined and compared with the results which were obtained from two dry bone tests. The results showed that fracture bending moment and bone extrinsic stiffness had significant relations with fracture cross-section dependent parameters (i.e., cross-section area and area moment of inertia). Where, fracture energy and ultimate strength did not have such a relation with these parameters. Finite element modeling of bone shaft was made with simplified geometry (neglecting cross-section variations along bone shaft) in two steps: First, by elliptical crosssection and second, by circular cross-section, assuming linear elastic and isotropic properties for the specimens. Elastic (Young's) modulus and fracture load, evaluated from curves obtained from tests, were applied to the finite element model and close results of maximum stress in both test specimen and first (elliptical cross-section) model showed up. There was an average difference of about 2% between ultimate strength of wet bone specimens and maximum (tensile) stress occurred in the elliptical models. However, this value for circular models was about 16%.

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“…Examples are so-called stress fractures of foot or leg bones in young soldiers after long unaccustomed foot marches, marathone runners, racehorses or in ballet dancers. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Fatigue failure of bone is also a threat in pathological conditions. For example, femoral head necrosis, due to impaired blood supply for instance because of smoking, leads to fatigue failure of the femoral neck within two years.…”

Section: By Claudia Fleck* and Dietmar Eiflermentioning

confidence: 99%