Tensile Modulus of Polymer Halloysite Nanotube Systems Containing Filler–Interphase Networks for Biomedical Requests

Abstract

To date, there have been a limited number of studies modeling the tensile modulus in the polymer halloysite nanotube (HNT) systems before or after percolation onset. In this paper, an equation for a composite’s modulus post-percolation onset was developed for HNT-filled samples including the interphase and HNT network. The dispersed nanoparticles and adjoining interphase part were neglected, because they caused ineffective influences on the stiffness of the system after percolation onset. The developed model reflects the impacts of HNTs’ size, interphase depth, percolation onset and the volume shares and moduli of the HNT network and its adjacent interphase on the modulus of HNT-based systems. The impacts of issues on the nanocomposite modulus are defendable, confirming the effectiveness of the developed model. HNT length, interphase depth, HNT concentration, net modulus and net portion directly influenced the stiffness, while the HNT radius and percolation onset had inverse effects. Results show that there was a 142% improvement in the modulus of samples at an interphase depth of 40 nm. Moreover, the stiffness improved by 60% at a net modulus of 200 GPa, but it later exhibited a 180% enhancement at a net modulus of 1000 GPa. In addition, the experimental data for the modulus of numerous composites display fine agreement to the predictions, confirming the validity of the developed model.

Structural, morphological, and dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/(Bi0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25) (La0.5Ti0.5) O3 composites

“…The crystalline content of sample was determined using the following formula: where the and are fusion enthalpies of the sample and melting enthalpy for a 100% crystalline PVDF, respectively. The general value of melting enthalpy of 100% crystalline PVDF membranes was determined in DSC is 104.7 J/g 31,32 . The temperature range that was measured with a heating rate of 10°C min −1 was between 25 and 400°C.…”

“…The general value of melting enthalpy of 100% crystalline PVDF membranes was determined in DSC is 104.7 J/g. 31,32 The temperature range that was measured with a heating rate of 10 C min À1 was between 25 and 400 C. The plot shows no notable variations in the melting temperatures (T m = 167.8 C) of neat PVDF, but the incorporation of filler in polymer decreases the enthalpy of crystallization detected on the DSC measurements. Due of the annealing impact on the crystals, it produced a greater percentage of crystallinity (X c ) but above 140 C, the annealing effect was less noticeable, therefore the overall X c is reduced.…”