Tensile properties and damage evolution in vascular 3D woven glass/epoxy composites

Retention of mechanical performance of polymer matrix composites above the glass transition temperature by vascular cooling

“…In PMCs, vascular networks have been fabricated by solder removal [17,18], manual extraction of a solid wire [19][20][21], integration of hollow tubules or fibers [22][23][24][25][26][27][28], and Vaporization of Sacrificial Components (VaSC) [29][30][31]. Unlike most other methods which are restricted to straight channels with one-dimensional connectivity, VaSC using sacrificial fibers (SF) allows for three-dimensional, interconnected vascular architectures.…”

“…To create a hollow channel poly(lactic acid) (PLA) SFs are integrated into textile weaving or braiding operations, survive standard composite manufacturing processing, and then are subsequently removed during a 200°C post-cure [30]. When manufactured to minimize distortions to the structural fiber architecture, channels had minimal effect on tensile and compressive strength and modulus [21,26,31], interlaminar fracture toughness [19,25,27], and impact resistance [17,18,24,28].…”

Active Cooling of a Microvascular Shape Memory Alloy‐Polymer Matrix Composite Hybrid Material

“…However, in all cases PMCs were best suited for heat fluxes well below 100 kW m À2 due to the relatively low thermal conductivity of the host material. Many studies have examined the effect of channels on mechanical properties of a PMC, including compressive strength and stiffness, [23][24][25] fracture toughness, [22,26,27] and impact damage resistance, [28,29] demonstrating minimal adverse effect for low channel volume fractions (ca. <3%).…”

Microvascular-based self-healing materials

“…Experiments on elliptical channels have found similar stiffness and strength reductions to those of their circular counterparts [31]. Channels incorporated into 3-D woven composites show a modest reduction (<10%) in strength that is statistically significant for the longitudinal strength, transverse modulus, and transverse strength [33].…”