“…So, although internationalization is a rather complex process for which there can be several intertwined rationales, foci and approaches (Knight, 2004(Knight, , 2015De Wit, 2011), the economic aspect and its importance for the quality of higher education institutions (HEI) have been highly predominant (De Wit, 2011). Even among non-profit public HEI, it seems that internationalization has been focused mainly on competitiveness rather than cooperation, and for that, it has been heavily criticized (e.g., De Wit, 2020, Finardi, Mendes, & Silva, 2022).…”