“…Popular numerical methods for solving population balance equations include moment-based [26,27,28], sectional [29,30,31] and Monte Carlo [32,33,34,35,36,37] treatments [38]. Although other methods can be optimised to accommodate several particle internal coordinates [39], the stochastic approach is necessary when a detailed particle model is used as this can extend to thousands of internal coordinates (resolving particle connectivity as well as sizes). Direct simulation with a detailed particle model has been used to study titania synthesis in previous work e.g.…”