“…In contrast, the GHz range still needs further progress towards efficient continuous-wave (CW), compact tunable powerful sources and predictive simulation tools to design new devices. At present, the main types of CW GHz and THz sources [5]are: electron-beam sources, such as gyrotrons, free electron lasers (FELs), and backward wave oscillators (BWOs); optically pumped far-infrared gas lasers; solid-state sources; frequency multipliers; THz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs); parametric sources; and photomixers. The key compact solid-state sources that can be designed as oscillators [6] to deliver input radiation above 300 GHz for mixers and multipliers are Schottky diodes, heterojunction barrier varactors, heterojunction bipolar transistors, high-electron-mobility transistors, resonant tunneling diodes, tunnel-injection transit-time devices, Gunn devices, and superlattice electron devices (SLEDs) [7], which are particularly high-performance fundamental sources in the 60-220 GHz range [8].…”