Terahertz technology: A new frontier in Alzheimer’s disease therapy

Abstract

<p>The vibrational and rotational energy levels of many biomacromolecules fall within the Terahertz (THz) frequency range, indicating that THz waves, under specific conditions, can interact with and affect the structure and functionality of various biological systems, including the brain. Increasing evidence suggests that the overproduction or inadequate elimination of amyloid beta (Aβ), leading to the accumulation of senile plaques (SPs) in the brain, is a key factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The AD-affected brain exhibits several pathological hallmarks, such as hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation, and degeneration of neurites and synapses. All of these may play important roles in the onset and progression of the disease. Current research primarily focuses on utilizing THz technology for biomonitoring and imaging, with less exploration into the biological effects of THz irradiation on AD. This review aims to examine the neurobiological effects of THz irradiation on AD pathology, including its impacts on neurons, mitochondria, blood vessels, and inflammation, and to provide an update on the current status of THz technology research in AD. It is designed to provide a new perspective for researchers in neuroscience, THz technology, and biomedicine.</p>