This
Perspective elucidates the transformative impacts of advanced
nanotechnology and dynamic energy systems on the polymer chain reaction
(PCR), a cornerstone technique in biomedical research and diagnostic
applications. Since its invention, the optimization of PCR—specifically
its efficiency, specificity, cycling rate, and detection sensitivity—has
been a focal point of scientific exploration. Our analysis spans the
modulation of PCR from both material and energetic perspectives, emphasizing
the intricate interplay between PCR components and externally added
entities such as molecules, nanoparticles (NPs), and optical microcavities.
We begin with a foundational overview of PCR, detailing the basic
principles of PCR modulation through molecular additives to highlight
material-level interactions. Then, we delve into how NPs, with their
diverse material and surface properties, influence PCR through interface
interactions and hydrothermal conduction, drawing parallels to molecular
behaviors. Additionally, this Perspective ventures into the energetic
regulation of PCR, examining the roles of electromagnetic radiation
and optical resonators. We underscore the advanced capabilities of
optical technologies in PCR regulation, characterized by their ultrafast,
residue-free, and noninvasive nature, alongside label-free detection
methods. Notably, optical resonators present a pioneering approach
to control PCR processes even in the absence of light, targeting the
often-overlooked water component in PCR. By integrating discussions
on photocaging and vibrational strong coupling, this review presents
innovative methods for the precise regulation of PCR processes, envisioning
a new era of PCR technology that enhances both research and clinical
diagnostics. The synergy between nanotechnological enhancements and
energy dynamics not only enriches our understanding of PCR but also
opens new avenues for developing rapid, accurate, and efficient PCR
systems. We hope that this Perspective will inspire further innovations
in PCR technology and guide the development of next-generation clinical
detection instruments.