Teratology, Survival, and Reversal Learning after Fetal Irradiation of Mice by 2450-MHz Microwave Energy<sup>*</sup>

Chernovetz, Mary E.; Justesen, Don R.; King, Nancy W.; Wagner, Joseph

doi:10.1080/00222739.1975.11688975

Cited by 37 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Similar results were obtained in our previous study [7] and were reported by other authors [8,10,17,18,22,25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microwave Radiation Enhances Teratogenic Effect of Cytosine Arabinoside in Mice

Marcickiewicz¹,

B²,

Niemiec³

et al. 1986

Neonatology

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Impregnated Swiss mice were irradiated 2 h daily on days 1–18 of gestation in nonthermal (1 or 10 mW/cm²) or thermogenic (40 mW/cm²) 2,450-MHz microwave (MW) fields. On the 19th day of pregnancy all dams were killed to check the number of resorptions. Living fetuses were isolated, weighed and checked for the presence of macroscopically visible malformations of skeleton and cleft palate (CP) and/or lip (CLP). Some of the pregnant mice in each group were injected intraperitoneally on the 9th day of gestation with 10 mg/kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), a well-known teratogen resulting under the above conditions in the appearance of about 15% (42 of 354) of resorbed implantation points and the development of CP or CLP in about 30% (96 of 312) of fetuses. Exposure to nonthermal MW fields during pregnancy did not lead to resorptions or detectable malformations; however, the body mass of 19-day fetuses was significantly lower than in sham-irradiated controls. MW hyperthermia (40 mW/cm²) applied during pregnancy led to an increased number of resorptions -about 25% (37 of 157) compared to 2% (6 of 306) in controls. Significant enhancement of the teratogenic potency of ara-C was observed after combined exposure to both ara-C and MWs during pregnancy. In dams treated with ara-C alone about 20% (62 of 358) resorptions and about 30% (91 of 296) fetuses with CL or CLP were found; additional exposure in MW fields (10 mW/cm²), not resulting per se in resorptions or detectable malformations, increased the numbers to 45% (213 of 448) of resorptions and to 70% (167 of 235) fetuses with CL or CLP. In view of results obtained, we conclude that the relatively weak embryotoxic effects of MWs may be revealed and markedly enhanced after combination of radiation with other teratogenic factors.

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“…Similar results were obtained in our previous study [7] and were reported by other authors [8,10,17,18,22,25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In the literature there exists only one pa per [8] where MW radiation was used in combination with cortisone as a teratological agent. However, the authors applied MW ra diation at a dose of 38 mW/g during 10 min.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Radiation Enhances Teratogenic Effect of Cytosine Arabinoside in Mice

Marcickiewicz¹,

B²,

Niemiec³

et al. 1986

Neonatology

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“…However, an independent reanalysis of their data [Heynick and Polson, 1996] indicated that there was a threshold of about 13 J/g for exencephaly and resorptions. For unclear reasons, Rugh et al did not study control mice, but in a similar study by Chernovetz et al [1975] with C3H/HeJ mice (discussed next), about 20% of the fetuses from their control dams were abnormal. Chernovetz et al [1975] exposed groups of pregnant C3H/HeJ mice to 2.45 GHz for 10 min (SAR $38 W/kg) on gestation days 11, 12, 13, and 14.…”

Section: Micementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For unclear reasons, Rugh et al did not study control mice, but in a similar study by Chernovetz et al [1975] with C3H/HeJ mice (discussed next), about 20% of the fetuses from their control dams were abnormal. Chernovetz et al [1975] exposed groups of pregnant C3H/HeJ mice to 2.45 GHz for 10 min (SAR $38 W/kg) on gestation days 11, 12, 13, and 14. The dams were euthanized on day 19, at which time the numbers of implantations and resorptions were counted and the fetuses were examined for abnormalities.…”

Section: Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency fields and teratogenesis

Heynick

Merritt

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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Experimental studies that sought teratologic effects or developmental abnormalities from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RFEMF) in the range 3 kHz-300 GHz are critically reviewed for their possible consequences on human health. Those studies were conducted on beetles, birds, rodents, and nonhuman primates. Collectively, those experimental studies indicate that teratologic effects can occur only from exposure levels that cause biologically detrimental increases in body temperature. No reliable experimental evidence was found for nonthermal teratologic effects; rodents, mouse fetuses, and perinatal mice are more susceptible to such effects than rats. The primary confirmed effect in rats at high RFEMF levels was initial weight deficits in fetuses and neonates that decreased with infant growth. More generally from findings with pregnant mammals, exposures at RFEMF levels far higher than those permitted under the IEEE human exposure guidelines are necessary to reach or exceed cited experimental thresholds for maternal temperature increases. Some results indicated that the levels necessary to cause such effects in pregnant mammals could exceed those lethal to the dams. In a behavioral study of squirrel monkeys, no effects were observed on usual dam-offspring interactions or EEGs, but unexpected deaths of a number of offspring had occurred. However, this finding was not confirmed in a study solely on infant death using a larger number of subjects for greater statistical validity. Also reviewed were epidemiologic studies of various human populations considered to have been chronically exposed to environmental levels of RFEMF. Early studies on the incidence of congenital anomalies yielded no credible evidence that chronic exposure of pregnant women or of fathers exposed to RFEMF from nearby sources at levels below those guidelines would cause any anomalies in their offspring. The findings of studies on pregnancy outcomes of female physiotherapists occupationally exposed while treating patients with RFEMF were mixed, but taken collectively, the findings were negative. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S174-S186, 2003.

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“…Many different concepts and quantities have been proposed and used to characterize propagation and absorption of electromagnetic energy in biological systems (Justesen, 1975). Some of the quantities and units that are now in use will be briefly described in this section.…”

Section: Quantities and Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%