Terminology of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Women With and Without Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review

Saltiel, Fernanda; Miranda-Gazzola, Ana Paula Gonçalves; Vitória, Rayane Oliveira; Figueiredo, Elyonara Mello de

doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy084

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“… Number of contractions repeated within a specific duration (i.e., a 10‐s period 5 ) The elapsed time to perform a pre‐specified number of contractions (e.g., 10 s 69 ) …”

Section: Section 2: Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a plethora of existing terms and conceptual and operational definitions related to PFM function and dysfunction 5 . Saltiel et al 5 observed inconsistency and redundancy in PFM function terminology and suggested that a further consideration of PFM function terms relevant to research and to clinical practice is required 5 . A mapping of PFM function terms to the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework has been recently proposed, 6 leading to a list of the most frequently used terms 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Saltiel et al 5 observed inconsistency and redundancy in PFM function terminology and suggested that a further consideration of PFM function terms relevant to research and to clinical practice is required. 5 A mapping of PFM function terms to the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework has been recently proposed, 6 leading to a list of the most frequently used terms. 7 In this paper, we define the assessment term, describe the application of the test and interpretation of its finding within a framework of diagnostic decision making and clinical reasoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment

Frawley

Shelly

Morin

et al. 2021

Neurourology and Urodynamics

136

118

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Introduction The terminology for female and male pelvic floor muscle (PFM) assessment has expanded considerably since the first PFM function and dysfunction standardization of terminology document in 2005. New terms have entered assessment reports, and new investigations to measure PFM function and dysfunction have been developed. An update of this terminology was required to comprehensively document the terms and their definitions, and to describe the assessment method and interpretation of the finding, to standardize assessment procedures and aid diagnostic decision making. Methods This report combines the input of members of the Standardisation Committee of the International Continence Society (ICS) Working Group 16, with contributions from recognized experts in the field and external referees. A logical, sequential, clinically directed assessment framework was created against which the assessment process was mapped. Within categories and subclassifications, each term was assigned a numeric coding. A transparent process of 12 rounds of full working group and external review was undertaken to exhaustively examine each definition, plus additional extensive internal development, with decision making by collective opinion (consensus). Results A Terminology Report for the symptoms, signs, investigations, and diagnoses associated with PFM function and dysfunction, encompassing 185 separate definitions/descriptors, has been developed. It is clinically based with the most common assessment processes defined. Clarity and user‐friendliness have been key aims to make it interpretable by clinicians and researchers of different disciplines. Conclusion A consensus‐based Terminology Report for assessment of PFM function and dysfunction has been produced to aid clinical practice and be a stimulus for research.

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“… Number of contractions repeated within a specific duration (i.e., a 10‐s period 5 ) The elapsed time to perform a pre‐specified number of contractions (e.g., 10 s 69 ) …”

Section: Section 2: Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment

Frawley

Shelly

Morin

et al. 2021

Neurourology and Urodynamics

136

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…MVC of PFM can be considered a muscle characteristic associated with the continence mechanism, 40,41 since it seems to be associated with the presence of PFM dysfunctions. 42 The prevalence of PFM disorders was varied in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter‐ and intrarater reliability of unidigital and bidigital vaginal palpation to evaluation of maximal voluntary contraction of pelvic floor muscles considering risk factors and dysfunctions

Silva¹,

Sato

Rocha³

et al. 2020

Neurourology and Urodynamics

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Aims: To evaluate inter-and intrarater reliability of unidigital and bidigital vaginal palpation of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) according to PFM risk factors and dysfunctions. Methods: A total of 187 women were recruited and evaluated by two examiners. Both performed the evaluation of MVC with unidigital and bidigital palpation, graded by Modified Oxford Scale. After 7-10 days, one examiner repeated the assessment. To analyze reliability by Cohenʼs linear Kappa (κw), participants were allocated into different groups according to: body mass index (BMI), menopause, parity, type of delivery and PFM dysfunctions, as pelvic organ prolapse (POP), constipation, urgency, urgency urinary incontinence, pelvic pain, and stress urinary incontinence. Results: Inter-rater reliability of unidigital palpation was considered fair (κw = 0.21-0.40) to moderate (κw = 0.41-0.60) according to BMI, postmenopausal status, parity, type of delivery, and PFM dysfunctions. Inter-rater reliability of bidigital palpation varied from none (κw = 0.00-0.20) to moderate for all risk factors and PFM dysfunctions. Intra-rater reliability of unidigital palpation was considered fair only for women with POP (κw = 0.37) and moderate to substantial (κw = 0.61-0.80) to all other variables. Intra-rater reliability of bidigital palpation ranged from moderate to almost perfect (κw = 0.81-1.00). Conclusions: When performing vaginal palpation, physiotherapists must consider the way that is performing the evaluation, as some PFM risk factors and dysfunctions could influence the inter-and intrarater reliability of unidigital and bidigital palpation.

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The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Introduction and hypothesis To evaluate the evidence for pathologies underlying stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. Methods For the data sources, a structured search of the peer-reviewed literature (English language; 1960–April 2020) was conducted using predefined key terms in PubMed and Embase. Google Scholar was also searched. Peer-reviewed manuscripts that reported on anatomical, physiological or functional differences between females with signs and/or symptoms consistent with SUI and a concurrently recruited control group of continent females without any substantive urogynecological symptoms. Of 4629 publications screened, 84 met the inclusion criteria and were retained, among which 24 were included in meta-analyses. Results Selection bias was moderate to high; < 25% of studies controlled for major confounding variables for SUI (e.g., age, BMI and parity). There was a lack of standardization of methods among studies, and several measurement issues were identified. Results were synthesized qualitatively, and, where possible, random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Deficits in urethral and bladder neck structure and support, neuromuscular and mechanical function of the striated urethral sphincter (SUS) and levator ani muscles all appear to be associated with SUI. Meta-analyses showed that observed bladder neck dilation and lower functional urethral length, bladder neck support and maximum urethral closure pressures are strong characteristic signs of SUI. Conclusion The pathology of SUI is multifactorial, with strong evidence pointing to bladder neck and urethral incompetence. While there is also evidence of impaired urethral support and levator ani function, standardized approaches to measurement are needed to generate higher levels of evidence.

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Terminology of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Women With and Without Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review

Cited by 10 publications

References 72 publications

An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment

An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment

Inter‐ and intrarater reliability of unidigital and bidigital vaginal palpation to evaluation of maximal voluntary contraction of pelvic floor muscles considering risk factors and dysfunctions

The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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