Terpenes in Cannabis: Solving the Puzzle of How to Predict Taste and Smell

Roell, Marc-Sven

doi:10.1104/pp.20.00919

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…IPP acts as a substrate for the synthesis of geranyl diphosphate for monoterpenes, farnesyl diphosphate for sesquiterpenes, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) for tetraterpenes. Notably, GGPP is the immediate precursor for carotenoids [ 75 , 76 ]. The selection of specific rootstocks has been demonstrated to significantly enhance both the qualitative and quantitative carotenoid profiles, evidenced by increased concentrations of β-carotene and lycopene [ 37 , 38 , 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficiency of CBD Production Using Grafted Cannabis sativa L. Plants Is Highly Dependent on the Type of Rootstock: A Study

Bitežnik,

Štukelj,

Flajšman

2024

Plants

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The global cannabis market is continuously expanding and as a result, the cannabis industry demands new and improved agronomic cultivation practices to increase production efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD), which is valued for its therapeutic benefits. This study investigates the influence of three rootstock types on the survival rate, morphological parameters, and biochemical composition of cannabis: potentially dwarfing rootstocks (PDR), potentially vigorous rootstocks (PVR), and seedlings-as-rootstocks (SAR). Rootstocks were used for grafting two scion genotypes: ‘ScionII’ = chemotype II of industrial hemp, and ‘ScionIII’ = chemotype III of high CBD accumulating variety. Contrary to expectations, PVR and SAR did not outperform PDR on most of the measured variables. SAR showed the highest survival rate of the grafted cannabis plants (40–70%). The rootstock type had a statistically significant influence only on the bud compactness index in ‘ScionII’, with PDR being particularly noticeable. A comparative analysis of the ‘rootstock/scion’ combinations with their controls (non-grafted scions) revealed grafting’s substantial improvement in most traits. Specifically, PDR increased CBD content by 27% in ‘ScionIII’, inflorescence yield and CBD yield per plant increased by 71% and 84%, respectively, when SAR was used in ‘ScionII’. SAR showed to be the most effective rootstock type for CBD production. Our findings suggest grafting as a promising technique for optimizing cannabis’s agronomic and medicinal potential, highlighting the necessity for further research on its underlying mechanisms to refine production efficiency and quality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficiency of CBD Production Using Grafted Cannabis sativa L. Plants Is Highly Dependent on the Type of Rootstock: A Study

Bitežnik,

Štukelj,

Flajšman

2024

Plants

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“…The analysis of free list data provided by respondents produced some unique challenges considering the interrelationship between cannabis phenotypes and chemometrics, particularly in relation to terpenerelated attributes. Terpenes or "all natural compounds built up from isoprene subunits that predominantly originate from plants" (Breitmaier, 2006 Roell, 2020). When creating their free-lists, grower's responses both directly referenced, and tangentially alluded to, terpene contents.…”

Section: Free Listing and Semi-structured Interviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis Cultivator Phenotype and Attribute Preferences in Legal Recreational and Medical Cannabis Cultivation Operations in Oregon and Colorado

Nelsen

2021

Preprint

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BackgroundAs recreational and medicinal Cannabis sativa production increases across the United States, concerns have arisen regarding declines in cannabis biodiversity. Studies have suggested genetic bottlenecking has occurred primarily because of breeder and cultivator preferences and practices which over-emphasize the selection of strains with high contents of the psychoactive cannabinoid, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). No study to-date, however, has sought to systematically assess grower and breeder knowledge, preferences, and practices within legal operations within the United States. MethodsTwenty-one licensed recreational and medical cannabis growers in the states of Colorado and Oregon were provided with free lists to ascertain cultural domains of knowledge regarding cannabis phenotypes and attributes within commercial cannabis production operations. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with participants to provide more nuanced explanations of free-list responses, and to clarify responses where necessary. Free-list results were initially ungrouped excepting those variables whose meanings had been triangulated utilizing interview data. Free list data was assessed utilizing Smith’s S formula to ascertain cultural salience for listed attributes and phenotypes. A second analysis was then conducted for grouped terpene-related data. Results Results from the ungrouped free list identified Yield as the most culturally salient category (.29) followed by High THC Content (.26) and Smell (.25). Overall, horticultural characteristics such as yield, plant structure, and morphology garnered were the most frequently listed, followed by chemometrics, economics, and phenology, with some overlap between these categorizations. Though THC content was described as important within commercial operations by most growers both within free-list responses and interviews, growers also expressed that this preference was due to state testing regulations and a misinformed consumer base, rather than grower partialities. Respondents also noted that they believed consumer preferences were changing as consumer demographics were beginning to trend towards “older” consumers. When terpene-related attributes within free-listed results were combined utilizing triangulation from semi-structured interviews to verify the free list data, terpenes became the most cultural-salient attribute listed by growers (.42). Conclusions The results from this study suggest that cannabis biodiversity may indeed be declining due to breeder practices that emphasize THC content, but that these practices are informed by state policies and consumer purchasing metrics rather than grower preferences.

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“…Terpenes have incredible potential for bioactivity against both infectious and chronic health conditions [ 14 , 15 , 16 ] and have been employed for thousands of years for therapeutic purposes, including in anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic capacities [ 17 ]. In addition, terpenes often provide the foundation for the flavor and aroma of numerous plants and food products [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], including cannabis [ 21 ], granting the plant earthy or herbal aromas that combine with hints of sweet, citrusy, or piney scents. The terpene profile and content of cannabis has been reviewed previously [ 13 , 22 , 23 ]; however, analytical profiling studies, as well as cannabis phytochemistry reviews, traditionally focus on the more prevalent, terpenes such as myrcene, α-pinene, limonene, β-caryophyllene, linalool, humulene, ocimene, bisabolol, and terpinolene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L.: Synthesis and Synergy

et al. 2022

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Cannabis is a complex biosynthetic plant, with a long history of medicinal use. While cannabinoids have received the majority of the attention for their psychoactive and pharmacological activities, cannabis produces a diverse array of phytochemicals, such as terpenes. These compounds are known to play a role in the aroma and flavor of cannabis but are potent biologically active molecules that exert effects on infectious as well as chronic diseases. Furthermore, terpenes have the potential to play important roles, such as synergistic and/or entourage compounds that modulate the activity of the cannabinoids. This review highlights the diversity and bioactivities of terpenes in cannabis, especially minor or secondary terpenes that are less concentrated in cannabis on a by-mass basis. We also explore the question of the entourage effect in cannabis, which studies to date have supported or refuted the concept of synergy in cannabis, and where synergy experimentation is headed, to better understand the interplay between phytochemicals within Cannabis sativa L.

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Terpenes in Cannabis: Solving the Puzzle of How to Predict Taste and Smell

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

The Efficiency of CBD Production Using Grafted Cannabis sativa L. Plants Is Highly Dependent on the Type of Rootstock: A Study

The Efficiency of CBD Production Using Grafted Cannabis sativa L. Plants Is Highly Dependent on the Type of Rootstock: A Study

Cannabis Cultivator Phenotype and Attribute Preferences in Legal Recreational and Medical Cannabis Cultivation Operations in Oregon and Colorado

Secondary Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L.: Synthesis and Synergy

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