Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria

Pattanaik, Bagmi; Lindberg, Pia

doi:10.3390/life5010269

Cited by 149 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 152 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…The chemical formula of the isoprene molecule is CH 2 ═C(CH 3 )─CH═CH 2 (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) [1,2]. There are two double bonds in the molecule and these bonds are conjugated (Figure 1).…”

Section: Terpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Merhan¹

2017

Carotenoids

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Carotenoids are one of the most widespread pigment groups distributed in nature, and more than 700 natural carotenoids have been described so far, and new carotenoids are introduced each year. Carotenoids are derived from 4 terpenes, including totally 40 carbon atoms. Carotenoids are naturally synthesized by cyanobacteria, algae, plants, some fungi, and some bacteria, but not made by mammals. Lately, the beneficial properties of α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin, and fucoxanthin carotenoids in prevention of various diseases, such as tumor formation, cardiovascular, and vision, have been documented due to their roles as antioxidants, activation in certain gene expression associated with cell-to-cell communication, provitamin A activity, modulation of lipoxygenase activity, and immune response. In this chapter, in addition to biochemical properties of carotenoids, how the structure of these molecules influences the oxidative stress in health and reducing the risk of formation of various diseases will be described.

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Section: Terpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Merhan¹

2017

Carotenoids

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“…Carbon fixation can then be coupled to the direct conversion of CO 2 into a wide range of products. Cyanobacteria have been engineered to produce commodities such ethylene1, isoprene2, and sugars34; biofuels such as alkanes5, hydrogen6 and terpenoids7; bioplastics such as polyhydroxybutyrate8; and bioactive compounds such as pharmaceuticals9 and vitamins10. One major hurdle to engineering these production systems is the lack of precise, modern genetic tools that exist for other extensively studied prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli .…”

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confidence: 99%

Cpf1 Is A Versatile Tool for CRISPR Genome Editing Across Diverse Species of Cyanobacteria

Ungerer

Pakrasi

2016

Sci Rep

262

261

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Cyanobacteria are the ideal organisms for the production of a wide range of bioproducts as they can convert CO2 directly into the desired end product using solar energy. Unfortunately, the engineering of cyanobacteria to create efficient cell factories has been impaired by the cumbersome genetic tools that are currently available for these organisms; especially when trying to accumulate multiple modifications. We sought to construct an efficient and precise tool for generating numerous markerless modifications in cyanobacteria using CRISPR technology and the alternative nuclease, Cpf1. In this study we demonstrate rapid engineering of markerless knock-ins, knock-outs and point mutations in each of three model cyanobacteria; Synechococcus, Synechocystis and Anabaena. The markerless nature of cpf1 genome editing will allow for complex genome modification that was not possible with previously existing technology while facilitating the development of cyanobacteria as highly modified biofactories.

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“…Consequently, there is an interest in the large-scale growth of these organisms, in the compounds contained in their biomass, and in compounds excreted into the growth medium (11). So far, excreted products, synthesized via heterologous pathways, typically are precursors to bioplastics (e.g., butane-diol and lactic acid) (12,13), biofuels (e.g., ethanol and butanol) (14), and secondary metabolites and flavor compounds, such as vitamins and terpenes (15,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Culturing Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 with N ₂ and CO ₂ in a Diel Regime Reveals Multiphase Glycogen Dynamics with Low Maintenance Costs

Angermayr

Alphen

Hasdemir

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Investigating the physiology of cyanobacteria cultured under a diel light regime is relevant for a better understanding of the resulting growth characteristics and for specific biotechnological applications that are foreseen for these photosynthetic organisms. Here, we present the results of a multiomics study of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, cultured in a lab-scale photobioreactor in physiological conditions relevant for large-scale culturing. The culture was sparged with N 2 and CO 2 , leading to an anoxic environment during the dark period. Growth followed the availability of light. Metabolite analysis performed with 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that amino acids involved in nitrogen and sulfur assimilation showed elevated levels in the light. Most protein levels, analyzed through mass spectrometry, remained rather stable. However, several high-light-response proteins and stress-response proteins showed distinct changes at the onset of the light period. Microarray-based transcript analysis found common patterns of ϳ56% of the transcriptome following the diel regime. These oscillating transcripts could be grouped coarsely into genes that were upregulated and downregulated in the dark period. The accumulated glycogen was degraded in the anaerobic environment in the dark. A small part was degraded gradually, reflecting basic maintenance requirements of the cells in darkness. Surprisingly, the largest part was degraded rapidly in a short time span at the end of the dark period. This degradation could allow rapid formation of metabolic intermediates at the end of the dark period, preparing the cells for the resumption of growth at the start of the light period. IMPORTANCEIndustrial-scale biotechnological applications are anticipated for cyanobacteria. We simulated large-scale high-cell-density culturing of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under a diel light regime in a lab-scale photobioreactor. In BG-11 medium, Synechocystis grew only in the light. Metabolite analysis grouped the collected samples according to the light and dark conditions. Proteome analysis suggested that the majority of enzyme-activity regulation was not hierarchical but rather occurred through enzyme activity regulation. An abrupt light-on condition induced high-light-stress proteins. Transcript analysis showed distinct patterns for the light and dark periods. Glycogen gradually accumulated in the light and was rapidly consumed in the last quarter of the dark period. This suggests that the circadian clock primed the cellular machinery for immediate resumption of growth in the light. Understanding cyanobacterial physiology in a diel environment is of interest to understand circadian regulation in general and for the utilization of these organisms in biotechnological applications. Our exploration of the effect of a diel light cycle on a cyanobacterial culture started with the wish to investigate the response of the metabolic network of the cells to the imposed repetitively fluctuating environment,...

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Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria

Cited by 149 publications

References 152 publications

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Cpf1 Is A Versatile Tool for CRISPR Genome Editing Across Diverse Species of Cyanobacteria

Culturing Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 with N ₂ and CO ₂ in a Diel Regime Reveals Multiphase Glycogen Dynamics with Low Maintenance Costs

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Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria

Cited by 149 publications

References 152 publications

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Cpf1 Is A Versatile Tool for CRISPR Genome Editing Across Diverse Species of Cyanobacteria

Culturing Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 with N 2 and CO 2 in a Diel Regime Reveals Multiphase Glycogen Dynamics with Low Maintenance Costs

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Culturing Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 with N ₂ and CO ₂ in a Diel Regime Reveals Multiphase Glycogen Dynamics with Low Maintenance Costs