Terrain park participants’ perceptions of contributing factors in injury events and risk management suggestions

Dickson, Tracey J.; Forsdyke, Sarah; James, Sarah

doi:10.1016/j.jort.2021.100416

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The TESEF provides further insight into the complex social systems in which TP operate and the timeframes in which TP injury prevention needs to be considered. Figure 3 provides a TPfocused example drawing upon this and previous research (e.g., 2,21,31,33,34). As indicated, TP may be part of a broader health and well-being political agenda where there are many stakeholders both within the organization/resort (e.g., patrollers, marketers, shareholders) and beyond (e.g., families, public health).…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…From a HF perspective, snowsports occur in complex social systems that need to be considered when managing the risk of TP injuries (4). Thus, while TP feature removal or redesign may be part of the risk management, this does not address the business case for having TP nor the motivations of those who participate (2). Table 4 presents examples of modifiable and unmodifiable (5) components of the dynamic TP injury prevention "system" informed by this and previous HF research (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recommendations from the extant TP safety research may be linked to a common variation of HoC: elimination, e.g., remove all terrain parks (1); substitution e.g., park redesign and equivalent fall from height? (14,20,21); isolation e.g., barriers to who access (2); administrative controls, e.g., policies, signs and training (2,14,21); and personal protective equipment (PPE), e.g., helmets (14,22). However, a cautionary note from the safety literature ( 17) is that the most effective controls are the preventative ones from elimination to administrative, whilst the least effective is the reactionary use of PPE (Figure 1).…”

Section: Three Systemic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monitoring injury trends is essential both to clarify the extent of the situation and to evaluate the efficacy of sport injury mitigation and prevention strategies. To develop evidence-based and data-driven risk management strategies, this research explores terrain park (TP) injuries and risk factors for alpine skiers and snowboarders in western Canadian resorts from 2008-2009 to 2017-2018, thus adding to previous research (1)(2)(3). Reflective of the interdisciplinarity of sport injury prevention (4) the discussion explores the results in light of several frameworks drawn from different disciplines and perspectives: hierarchy of controls, human factors, and the socioecological framework.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Terrain park injuries and risk factors in western Canadian resorts, 2008–2009 to 2017–2018: insights for risk management

Dickson

2024

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Terrain parks (TP) are popular attractors to snowsport resorts for both skiers and snowboarders, however there is some concern about the risk of severe injury. TP risk management needs to balance the business case against the human cost of injury. To inform effective TP risk management strategies, it essential to understand risk factors, and injury frequency and severity. To this end, a retrospective inductive analysis of Canada West Ski Areas Association's Accident Analyzer database (2008–2009 to 2017–2018). Inclusion criteria., (i) at least 8 seasons of matching injury and participation data, (ii) minimum of 10 TP injuries p.a., (iii) activity either skiing or snowboarding, and (iv) injury location was coded as terrain park/rail. Data was excluded for ticket type N/A. Anonymised and deidentified secondary data was entered into SPSS for analysis. Between group differences were explored via χ2 analysis with Yates' Continuity Correction for 2 × 2 tables and an inductive data driven approach to explore other factors. From this data, 12,602 injuries were in TPs across 28 resorts. 11,940 (94.7%) met the inclusion criteria (14.2% female; 86.5% <25 years; 73.0% snowboarders. 50.8% were male snowboarders <25 years). Higher levels of helmet use were not correlated with a decline in reported head injuries. Day-ticket holders were more likely to be injured on their first two uses of a run than season pass holders. More snowboarders injured in TPs (59.7%) went to hospital than skiers (51.0%). Thus, participants injured in TP are typically younger, male, and snowboarders with either a Season Pass or day ticket, thus potentially a distinct target group for injury mitigation and prevention strategies and communications. The application of other frameworks such as the hierarchy of control and socioecological framework reflects the complex multifactorial systems in which snowsports occur and from which more targeted risk management strategies may emerge to mitigate injury risk while maintaining TP appeal.

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Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Three Systemic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Terrain park injuries and risk factors in western Canadian resorts, 2008–2009 to 2017–2018: insights for risk management

Dickson

2024

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…While the unconverted foam outperformed the converted foams at the lowest impact energy of 1 J (due to its stress plateau limiting force), auxetic foam should be considered where impact severity is unpredictable and conventional foam may densify. Based on performance across various impacts, some potential applications for auxetic closed cell foams include contact sports, snowsports, cycling and running shoes; where the severity (shape, speed or mass of impacting bodies or surfaces) is variable and unpredictable [30, [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indentation and impact response of conventional, auxetic, and shear thickening gel infused auxetic closed cell foam

Parisi

Allen

Colonna

et al. 2023

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Auxetic closed cell foams, and highly viscoelastic foams, both show potential to improve impact protection. Specifically, auxetics adapt to the shape of impacting bodies, while highly viscoelastic foams stiffen during severe impacts. So, we made auxetic closed cell foam sheets, including those that were infused with (highly viscoelastic) shear thickening gel. We then undertook comparative quasistatic and impact (drop) tests. Quasisatic tests included compression, tension and indentation. Impact tests were with a flat faced impactor at energies of 1, 3 and 5 J, and a 50 mm diameter hemisphere at 1 and 3 J. Poisson’s ratios of the foams were obtained by optical fullfield strain measurement. An analytical model was used to separate the contribution of the various measured orthotropic properties during the hemispherical impact and indentation tests. The Poisson’s ratios of the converted foams (both with and without shear thickening gel) were close to zero or marginally negative when measured through thickness. Planar values of Poisson’s ratio (measured in tension) were as low as −0.6. Through thickness Young’s moduli of the converted foams were 0.5 MPa, and planar moduli were ~12 times higher. The auxetic foams outperformed the unconverted ones during the more severe impacts, exhibiting about half the peak force during the 3 J hemispherical impacts (2.5 vs. 5 kN). The reduction in peak force was related to a measured doubling in indentation resistance for the auxetic foam. The analytical model suggests that 7 to 15% of the measured doubling in indentation resistance was due to (negative) Poisson’s ratio. Infusing the auxetic foams with shear thickening gel caused, at best, a marginal reduction in peak impact force, attributed to low and non-uniform levels of infusion.

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Mechanical metamaterials for sports helmets: structural mechanics, design optimisation, and performance

Haid,

Foster,

Hart

et al. 2023

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Sports concussions are a public health concern. Improving helmet performance to reduce concussion risk is a key part of the research and development community response. Head impacts with compliant surfaces that cause long duration moderate or high linear and rotational accelerations are associated with a high rate of clinical diagnoses of concussion. As engineered structures with unusual combinations of properties, mechanical metamaterials are being applied to sports helmets, with the goal of improving impact performance and reducing brain injury risk. Replacing established helmet material (i.e., foam) selection with a metamaterials design approach (structuring material to obtain desired properties) allows development of near optimal properties. Objective functions based on up to date understanding of concussion could be applied to topology optimisation regimes, when designing mechanical metamaterials for helmets. Such regimes balance computational efficiency with predictive accuracy, both of which could be improved under high strains and strain rates to allow helmet modifications as knowledge of concussion develops. Researchers could also share mechanical metamaterial data, topologies and computational models in open, homogenised repositories, to improve the efficiency of their development.

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Terrain park participants’ perceptions of contributing factors in injury events and risk management suggestions

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

Terrain park injuries and risk factors in western Canadian resorts, 2008–2009 to 2017–2018: insights for risk management

Terrain park injuries and risk factors in western Canadian resorts, 2008–2009 to 2017–2018: insights for risk management

Indentation and impact response of conventional, auxetic, and shear thickening gel infused auxetic closed cell foam

Mechanical metamaterials for sports helmets: structural mechanics, design optimisation, and performance

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