Terrestrial analogs and thermal models for Martian flood lavas

Keszthelyi, L.; McEwen, A. S.; Thordarson, T.

doi:10.1029/1999je001191

Cited by 199 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The expression of underlying topography suggests a relatively thin and fluid, probably basaltic, lava flow. The geomorphology of Asp1, on the other hand, is more pronounced than that of Asp3, having the hummocky, inflated, rafted appearance of similar to terrestrial inflated pahoehoe basalt surface morphology (see Keszthelyi et al, 2000Keszthelyi et al, , 2004.…”

Section: Evidence Of Volcanic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Episodes of fluvial and volcanic activity in Mangala Valles, Mars

Keske

Hamilton

McEwen

et al. 2015

Icarus

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A new mapping-based study of the 900-km-long Mangala Valles outflow system was motivated by the availability of new high-resolution images and continued debates about the roles of water and lava in outflow channels on Mars. This study uses photogeologic analysis, geomorphic surface mapping, cratering statistics, and relative stratigraphy. Results show that Mangala Valles underwent at least two episodes of fluvial activity and at least three episodes of volcanic activity during the Late Amazonian. The occurrence of scoured bedrock at the base of the mapped stratigraphy, in addition to evidence provided by crater retention ages, suggests that fluvial activity preceded the deposition of two of the volcanic units. Crater counts performed at 30 locations throughout the area have allowed us to construct the following timeline: (1) formation of Noachian Highlands and possible initial flooding event(s) before ~1 Ga, (2) emplacement of Tharsis lava flows in the valley from ~700 to 1000 Ma, (3) a megaflooding event at ~700-800 Ma sourced from Mangala Fossa, (4) valley fill by a sequence of lava flows sourced from Mangala Fossa ~400-500 Ma, (5) another megaflooding event from ~400 Ma, (6) a final phase of volcanism sourced from Mangala Fossa ~300-350 Ma, and (7) emplacement of eolian sedimentary deposits in the northern portion of the valley ~300 Ma. These results are consistent with alternating episodes of aqueous flooding and volcanism in the valles. This pattern of geologic activity is similar to that of other outflow systems, such as Kasei Valles, suggesting that there is a recurring, and perhaps coupled, nature of these processes on Mars.

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Section: Evidence Of Volcanic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Episodes of fluvial and volcanic activity in Mangala Valles, Mars

Keske

Hamilton

McEwen

et al. 2015

Icarus

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“…In summary, volcanic processes appear to have operated throughout the history of Mars and could possibly be active today (Hartmann and Berman, 2000;Keszthelyi et al, 2000). Although from the morphologies of the flows and most of the volcanoes basaltic compositions are inferred to be dominant, remote sensing data from orbit and measurements made on the surface by Mars Pathfinder suggest that slightly more evolved magmas might also have been present in the evolution of the surface (see discussion in Bibring and Erard, 2001).…”

Section: Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological Processes and Evolution

Head

Greeley

Golombek

et al. 2001

Space Sciences Series of ISSI

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Abstract. Geological mapping and establishment of stratigraphic relationships provides an overview of geological processes operating on Mars and how they have varied in time and space. Impact craters and basins shaped the crust in earliest history and as their importance declined, evidence of extensive regional volcanism emerged during the Late Noachian. Regional volcanism characterized the Early Hesperian and subsequent to that time, volcanism was largely centered at Tharsis and Elysium, continuing until the recent geological past. The Tharsis region appears to have been largely constructed by the Late Noachian, and represents a series of tectonic and volcanic centers. Globally distributed structural features representing contraction characterize the middle Hesperian. Water-related processes involve the formation of valley networks in the Late Noachian and into the Hesperian, an ice sheet at the south pole in the middle Hesperian, and outflow channels and possible standing bodies of water in the northern lowlands in the Late Hesperian and into the Amazonian. A significant part of the present water budget occurs in the present geologically young polar layered terrains. In order to establish more firmly rates of processes, we stress the need to improve the calibration of the absolute timescale, which today is based on crater count systems with substantial uncertainties, along with a sampling of rocks of unknown provenance. Sample return from carefully chosen stratigraphic units could calibrate the existing timescale and vastly improve our knowledge of Martian evolution.

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“…mechanism of these eruptions, which in turn has enhanced our understanding of larger-scale flood basalt eruptions on Earth and Mars (e.g. Larsen, 1979Larsen, , 2000Thordarson and Self, 1993, 1998Self et al, 1996Self et al, , 1997Thordarson et al, , 2003aKeszthelyi et al, 2000Keszthelyi et al, , 2004Guilbaud et al, 2005). It has also demonstrated that over the last 1130 years, these events are the most significant of Icelandic eruptions in terms of environmental and climatic effects because of the huge amount of sulphur (100-250 Mt of SO 2 ) they release into the atmosphere (Thorarinsson, 1979;Metrich et al, 1991;Stothers, 1996Stothers, , 1998Thordarson et al, , 2001Thordarson et al, , 2003bOman et al, 2006) The high-discharge flood lava events are prolonged fissure eruptions that last for months to years and feature numerous eruption episodes (Fig.…”

Section: Effusive Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eruptions characterized by intermittent Hawaiian to Strombolian activity and highly pulsating discharge produce slabby to rubbly pahoehoe flows and the latter also happens to be the most common basalt flow type in Iceland (e.g. Keszthelyi et al, 2000Keszthelyi et al, , 2004Guilbaud et al, 2005).…”

Section: Effusive Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

Self Cite

510

454

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The large-scale volcanic lineaments in Iceland are an axial zone, which is delineated by the Reykjanes, West and North Volcanic Zones (RVZ, WVZ, NVZ) and the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), which is growing in length by propagation to the southwest through pre-existing crust. These zones are connected across central Iceland by the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB). Other volcanically active areas are the two intraplate belts ofÖraefajökull (ÖVB) and Snaefellsnes (SVB). The principal structure of the volcanic zones are the 30 volcanic systems, where 12 are comprised of a fissure swarm and a central volcano, 7 of a central volcano, 9 of a fissure swarm and a central domain, and 2 are typified by a central domain alone.Volcanism in Iceland is unusually diverse for an oceanic island because of special geological and climatological circumstances. It features nearly all volcano types and eruption styles known on Earth. The first order grouping of volcanoes is in accordance with recurrence of eruptions on the same vent system and is divided into central volcanoes (polygenetic) and basalt volcanoes (monogenetic). The basalt volcanoes are categorized further in accordance with vent geometry (circular or linear), type of vent accumulation, characteristic style of eruption and volcanic environment (i.e. subaerial, subglacial, submarine).Eruptions are broadly grouped into effusive eruptions where >95% of the erupted magma is lava, explosive eruptions if >95% of the erupted magma is tephra (volume calculated as dense rock equivalent, DRE), and mixed eruptions if the ratio of lava to tephra occupy the range in between these two end-members. Although basaltic volcanism dominates, the activity in historical time (i.e. last 11 centuries) features expulsion of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite magmas that have produced effusive eruptions of Hawaiian and flood lava magnitudes, mixed eruptions featuring phases of Strombolian to Plinian intensities, and explosive phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions spanning almost the entire intensity scale; from Surtseyan to Phreatoplinian in case of "wet" eruptions and Strombolian to Plinian in terms of "dry" eruptions. In historical time the magma volume extruded by individual eruptions ranges from ∼1 m 3 to ∼20 km 3 DRE, reflecting variable magma compositions, effusion rates and eruption durations.All together 205 eruptive events have been identified in historical time by detailed mapping and dating of events along with extensive research on documentation of eruptions in historical chronicles. Of these 205 events, 192 represent individual eruptions and 13 are classified as "Fires", which include two or more eruptions defining an episode of volcanic activity that lasts for months to years. Of the 159 eruptions verified by identification of their products 124 are explosive, effusive eruptions are 14 and mixed eruptions are 21. Eruptions listed as reported-only are 33. Eight of the Fires are predominantly effusive and the remaining five include explosive activity that produced extensive tephra layers...

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Terrestrial analogs and thermal models for Martian flood lavas

Cited by 199 publications

References 58 publications

Episodes of fluvial and volcanic activity in Mangala Valles, Mars

Episodes of fluvial and volcanic activity in Mangala Valles, Mars

Geological Processes and Evolution

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

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