Terrestrial and Inland Water Systems

Settele, Josef; Scholes, Robert J.; Betts, Richard; Bunn, Stuart E.; Leadley, Paul; Nepstad, Daniel C.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Taboada, Miguel Ángel; Adrian, Rita; Anderegg, William R. L.; Bellard, Céline; Brando, Paulo M.; Chini, L. P.; Courchamp, Franck; Foden, Wendy; Gerten, Dieter; Goetz, Scott J.; Golding, Nicola; González, Patrick; Hawkins, Ed; Hickler, Thomas; Hurtt, George C.; Koven, C.; Lawler, Josh; Lischke, Heike; Mace, Georgina M.; McGeoch, Melodie A.; Parmesan, Camille; Pearson, Richard G.; Rodríguez‐Labajos, Beatriz; Rondinini, Carlo; Shaw, Rebecca; Sitch, Stephen; Tockner, Klement; Visconti, Piero; Winter, Marten

doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415379.009

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 1,045 publications

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“…When comparing our results with results from studies performed in the Rhine Basin (e.g. te Linde et al, 2010;Hurkmans et al, 2010;Pfister et al, 2004;Shabalova et al, 2003;Middelkoop et al, 2001), we see similar results. These studies focussed mainly on understanding and/or projecting the Rhine discharge under climate scenarios.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Several studies have already investigated the response of this basin under different climate scenarios (e.g. Stahl et al, 2016;te Linde et al, 2010;Hurkmans et al, 2010;Pfister et al, 2004;Shabalova et al, 2003;Middelkoop et al, 2001). Yet none of the studies have investigated the separate and combined response of evaporation and snow processes to rising temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal discharge response to temperature-driven changes in evaporation and snow processes in the Rhine Basin

2021

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Abstract. This study analyses how temperature-driven changes in evaporation and snow processes influence the discharge in the Rhine Basin. Using an efficient distributed hydrological model at high spatio-temporal resolution, we performed two experiments to understand how changes in temperature affect the discharge. In the first experiment, we compared two 10-year periods (1980s and 2010s) to determine how changes in discharge can be related to changes in evaporation, snowfall, melt from snow and ice, and precipitation. By simulating these periods, we can exchange the forcing components (evaporation, temperature for snowfall and melt, and precipitation), to quantify their individual and combined effects on the discharge. Around half of the observed changes could be explained by the changes induced by temperature effects on snowfall and melt (10 %), temperature effects on evaporation (16 %), and precipitation (19 %), showing that temperature-driven changes in evaporation and snow (26 %) are larger than the precipitation-driven changes (19 %). The remaining 55 % was driven by the interaction of these variables: e.g. the type of precipitation (interaction between temperature and precipitation) or the amount of generated runoff (interaction between evaporation and precipitation). In the second experiment we exclude the effect of precipitation and run scenarios with realistically increased temperatures. These simulations show that discharge is generally expected to decrease due to the positive effect of temperature on (potential) evaporation. However, more liquid precipitation and different melt dynamics from snow and ice can slightly offset this reduction in discharge. Earlier snowmelt leaves less snowpack available to melt during spring, when it historically melts, and amplifies the discharge reduction caused by the enhanced evaporation. These results are tested over a range of rooting depths. This study shows how the combined effects of temperature-driven changes affect discharge. With many basins around the world depending on meltwater, a correct understanding of these changes and their interaction is vital.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal discharge response to temperature-driven changes in evaporation and snow processes in the Rhine Basin

2021

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“…These conclusions are based on data from a region where spruce plantation has been extensive, which is the case for most of the hemiboreal and large parts of the boreal region in Sweden (Hedwall et al, 2019). Afforestation and reforestation have been widespread in Europe during the last century, ranging from the Baltic countries to the Mediterranean, particularly between the 1930s and 1980s (Fuchs, Herold, Verburg, & Clevers, 2013), and the boreal forest is an expanding biome in many regions, driven both by afforestation/ reforestation and climate change (Settele et al, 2015). Stimulated also by atmospheric nitrogen deposition, increasing temperature, and longer growing seasons, it is likely to further promote an observed greening of the boreal region, that is, increasing primary production, biomass carbon pools, and tree lines moving upward (Finstad et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afforestation driving long‐term surface water browning

Škerlep

Steiner²,

Axelsson

et al. 2019

Global Change Biology

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Increase in surface water color (browning), caused by rising dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron concentrations, has been widely reported and studied in the last couple of decades. This phenomenon has implications to aquatic ecosystem function and biogeochemical carbon cycling. While recovery from acidification and changes in climate‐related variables, such as precipitation and length of growing season, are recognized as drivers behind browning, land‐use change has received less attention. In this study, we include all of the above factors and aim to discern their individual and combined contribution to water color variation in an unprecedentedly long (1940–2016) and highly resolved dataset (~20 times per month), from a river in southern Sweden. Water color showed high seasonal variability and a marked long‐term increase, particularly in the latter half of the dataset (~1980). Short‐term and seasonal variations were best explained by precipitation, with temperature playing a secondary role. All explanatory variables (precipitation, temperature, S deposition, and land‐use change) contributed significantly and together predicted 75% of the long‐term variation in water color. Long‐term change was best explained by a pronounced increase in Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) volume—a measure of land‐use change and a proxy for buildup of organic soil layers—and by change in atmospheric S deposition. When modeling water color with a combination of explanatory variables, Norway spruce showed the highest contribution to explaining long‐term variability. This study highlights the importance of considering land‐use change as a factor behind browning and combining multiple factors when making predictions in water color and DOC.

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“…According to the projections made by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [10], the global temperature will increase throughout the century. The world's forests play a key role as a carbon sink [11], and therefore, their responses to climate change may amplify or dampen atmospheric change at a regional and continental scale. During the last few years, the increased severity and frequency of summer heat waves and associated droughts have raised concerns about how climate change will interfere with forest regeneration processes.…”

Section: New and Existing Challenges Along The Seedling Production Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seedling Production and the Field Performance of Seedlings

Riikonen

Luoranen

2018

Forests

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The rapid establishment of seedlings in forest regeneration or afforestation sites after planting is a prerequisite for successful reforestation. The relationship between the quality of the seedling material and their growth and survival after outplanting has been recognized for decades. Despite the existence of a substantial amount of information on how to produce high-quality seedlings, there is still a need to develop practices that can be used in nurseries and at planting sites to be able to produce well-growing forest stands in ever-changing environments. This Special Issue of Forests is focused on seedling quality and how it can be manipulated in a nursery as well as how the quality of the seedlings affects their field performance after planting.

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Terrestrial and Inland Water Systems

Cited by 30 publications

References 1,045 publications

Seasonal discharge response to temperature-driven changes in evaporation and snow processes in the Rhine Basin

Seasonal discharge response to temperature-driven changes in evaporation and snow processes in the Rhine Basin

Afforestation driving long‐term surface water browning

Seedling Production and the Field Performance of Seedlings

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