Terrestrial wildlife exposed to agrochemicals: An ecological risk assessment perspective

Kendall, Ronald J.; Akerman, JW

doi:10.1002/etc.5620111206

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…The ecological risk assessment to wildlife is, in part, determined by evaluating wildlife exposure to the pesticide and the pesticide's toxicological effects. To date, this has been done utilizing the quotient method where risk ϭ exposure/effects [1][2][3]. Exposure is represented by the Expected Environmental Concentration (EEC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Evaluation of the Epa (Kenaga) Nomogram, a Method for Estimating Wildlife Exposure to Pesticide Residues on Plants

Pfleeger¹,

Fong²,

Hayes³

et al. 1996

Environ Toxicol Chem

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The Kenaga nomogram was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the mid 1970s and has since been used prior to the registration of a pesticide to estimate the maximum potential pesticide residue level on plant material in the food chain of wildlife. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nomogram using field data. Six pesticides representing a variety of pesticide classes were applied to 15 plant species. Five of the six nomogram categories were tested with plant parts representing differences in surface morphology (i.e., glabrous vs. pubescent leaves). The sixth category was a mixed-grass community seeded with three grass species. Pesticide residue levels were determined the day of application and up to 32 d afterward. While the linear nomogram model does not represent the data as well as other models, relatively few data points (10%) collected on the day of pesticide application exceeded the nomogram predictions. The one systemic pesticide tested had degradation rates similar to nonsystemic pesticides in most categories. Present nomogram categories were significantly different from each other in most cases. However, the forage category should be combined with the leaves and leafy-crop category and have higher estimated residue levels than the Kenaga nomogram. A considerable amount of variation occurs in the level of pesticide residue on plant materials even under controlled experimental conditions and therefore nomogram values should be used as an estimate only until actual field residue data are available. The nomogram, with modifications, appears to be a reasonable regulatory device if careful thought is given in selecting the plant category for making residue estimates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Evaluation of the Epa (Kenaga) Nomogram, a Method for Estimating Wildlife Exposure to Pesticide Residues on Plants

Pfleeger¹,

Fong²,

Hayes³

et al. 1996

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…Many birds that ingest an OP insecticide dose near the LD50 survive long enough to metabolize and/or excrete up to 90% of the compound within 24 h following exposure [16,17]. Thus, pesticide-induced mortality is possible in sensitive species that contain body burdens of 0.26 mg/kg.…”

Section: Risks To Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of pesticide impacts on wildlife [5,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16]. These analyses are particularly powerful when used in comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluations [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diazinon Dissipation From Vegetation, Occurrence in Earthworms, and Presence in Avian Gastrointestinal Tracts Collected From Apple Orchards Following D-Z-N® 50w Application

Cobb

Mellott

Brewer³

et al. 2000

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-Comprehensive residue determinations were made in biota inhabiting orchards receiving diazinon application as part of ecotoxicology studies in the United States. The states of Washington and Pennsylvania served as study areas representing different climatic and agricultural practices. Mean diazinon application was 3.0 to 3.1 kg a.i./ha in the orchards, and a subsequent exponential reduction in concentrations occurred on vegetation. Diazinon was present in earthworms following application, and 23 of 25 avian species evaluated in treatment orchards contained diazinon in their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Diazinon residues were present in 18 of the 20 avian species that were represented by more than one sample. Quantifiable residues were present in 17 of the bird species. Earthworms from Pennsylvania orchards contained more frequent and higher diazinon concentrations than did earthworms from Washington orchards ( p Ͻ 0.005). Passerine exposure to diazinon was not different when comparing diazinon concentrations in individual species between the two geographic regions (0.23 Ͻ p Ͻ 0.06). Exposures were different for American robins and European starlings ( p ϭ 0.03) in Washington and for Northern cardinals and European starlings ( p ϭ 0.03) in Pennsylvania. Residues in GI tracts suggest that lethal exposures were limited to the day of application and the 4 d following application. Data indicate that, under conditions of repeated diazinon application, ingestion of earthworms poses risks to passerines.

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“…However, 25% depression may still result in a statistically significant difference with adequately large sample sizes. Blood plasma ChE is a more sensitive indicator of exposure than brain ChE [15,16], although it is more variable between individuals. In the case of northern bobwhite and terbufos, the two methods used in combination probably provide the best overall exposure assessment.…”

Section: Blood and Brain Che Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and pesticide exposure of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and eastern cottontails (sylvilagus floridanus) on agricultural fields treated with counter® 15G

Tank¹,

Brewer²,

Hooper³

et al. 1993

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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During 1988 and 1989 northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus flondanus) were radiotagged and their daily survival monitored on six study sites treated with the organophosphorus insecticide‐nematicide Counter®15G (terbufos), at the rate of 1.45 kg a.i. per hectare, and on three reference sites. Nonlethal blood samples were collected at the time of capture and during subsequent recaptures to determine exposure to terbufos through blood ChE analysis. Survival rates of radiotagged eastern cottontails and blood plasma ChE activities were not different between treated and reference sites in either year. Gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of two cottontail carcasses found in 1988 contained traces of terbufos in concentrations <0.046 ppm. No terbufos was detected in GI tracts in 1989. There were no differences in survival rates of radiotagged northern bobwhites among treatments. Mean blood plasma ChE activities of northern bobwhites were significantly lower (P < 0.05) on treated sites than on reference sites both years, including sublethal exposure to the test chemical. No GI tract residues were detected in bobwhites in 1988, and GI tract residues were detected in trace amounts (<0.046 ppm) in only one bobwhite carcass in 1989.

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Terrestrial wildlife exposed to agrochemicals: An ecological risk assessment perspective

Cited by 32 publications

References 78 publications

Field Evaluation of the Epa (Kenaga) Nomogram, a Method for Estimating Wildlife Exposure to Pesticide Residues on Plants

Field Evaluation of the Epa (Kenaga) Nomogram, a Method for Estimating Wildlife Exposure to Pesticide Residues on Plants

Diazinon Dissipation From Vegetation, Occurrence in Earthworms, and Presence in Avian Gastrointestinal Tracts Collected From Apple Orchards Following D-Z-N® 50w Application

Survival and pesticide exposure of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and eastern cottontails (sylvilagus floridanus) on agricultural fields treated with counter® 15G

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