Test Anxiety in Relation to Measures of Cognitive and Intellectual Functioning

Gass, Carlton S.; Curiel, Rosie E.

doi:10.1093/arclin/acr034

Cited by 40 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In line with our observations, humans carrying TPH2 non-coding SNPs (Strobel et al, 2007), patients with affective disorders and healthy subject submitted to chronic stress and anxiety all tend to present deficits of memory, attention, and/or executive functions (Castaneda et al, 2008;Gass and Curiel, 2011;O'Toole and Pedersen, 2011). High levels of anxiety have also been associated with perseverative behaviors in a number of cognitive tasks in rodents (Gill et al, 2012;Jiao et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Stimulation of 5-HT2C Receptors Improves Cognitive Deficits Induced by Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 Loss of Function Mutation

Del’Guidice

Lemay

Lemasson

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the serotonin synthesis enzyme Tph2 have been identified in mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder, major depression, autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Deficits in cognitive flexibility and perseverative behaviors are shared common symptoms in these disorders. However, little is known about the impact of Tph2 gene variants on cognition. Mice expressing a human TPH2 variant (Tph2-KI) were used to investigate cognitive consequences of TPH2 loss of function and pharmacological treatments. We applied a recently developed behavioral assay, the automated H-maze, to study cognitive functions in Tph2-KI mice. This assay involves the consecutive discovery of three different rules: a delayed alternation task, a non-alternation task, and a delayed reversal task. Possible contribution of locomotion, reward, and sensory perception were also investigated. The expression of loss-of-function mutant Tph2 in mice was associated with impairments in reversal learning and cognitive flexibility, accompanied by perseverative behaviors similar to those observed in human clinical studies. Pharmacological restoration of 5-HT synthesis with 5-hydroxytryptophan or treatment with the 5-HT 2C receptor agonist CP809.101 reduced cognitive deficits in Tph2-KI mice and abolished perseveration. In contrast, treatment with the psychostimulant methylphenidate exacerbated cognitive deficits in mutant mice. Results from this study suggest a contribution of TPH2 in the regulation of cognition. Furthermore, identification of a role for a 5-HT 2 receptor agonist as a cognition-enhancing agent in mutant mice suggests a potential avenue to explore for the personalized treatment of cognitive symptoms in humans with reduced 5-HT synthesis and TPH2 polymorphisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Stimulation of 5-HT2C Receptors Improves Cognitive Deficits Induced by Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 Loss of Function Mutation

Del’Guidice

Lemay

Lemasson

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…WAIS-IV performance was unrelated to symptoms of IED as reported on the MMPI-2. In the same vein, WAIS-III performance was largely independent of test anxiety in a previous clinical study (Gass & Curiel, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Depression has received the majority of the attention (Butterfield, Cimino, Oelke, Hauser, & Sanchez-Ramos, 2010;Gass & Russell, 1986;Hammar, Strand, Ardal, Schmid, Lund, & Elliott, 2011;Kinsinger, Lattie, & Mohr, 2010;Rapp et al, 2011;Sweet, Newman, & Bell, 1992;Walker & Steffens, 2010). Anxiety has also been a common research focus (Beaudreau & O'Hara, 2008;Birnbaum & Pinku, 1997;Castaneda, Tulio-Henriksson, Marttunen, Suvisaari, & Lonnqvist, 2008;Gass & Curiel, 2011;Hopko, Crittendon, Grant, & Wilson, 2005;Rozzini et al, 2009;Vestberg, Passant, Risberg, & Elfgren, 2007). A major problem with this line of investigation has been a failure to control for consistency of positive effort or task engagement as objectively determined by performance validity measures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Test anxiety, which presumably reflects greater situational specificity than trait anxiety, has shown mixed results in relation to a variety of cognitive tests, including measures of attention and executive function (Gass et al, 2005), processing speed (Firetto, Walker, & Davey, 1972), reading comprehension (Minnaert, 1999), and working memory (Darke, 1988;Ikeda & Iwanga, 1996;Lee, 1999). In a study involving the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) (Gass & Curiel, 2011), test anxiety was largely unrelated to performance across the major Wechsler index scores.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological variables and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV performance

Gass

Gutiérrez

2016

Applied Neuropsychology: Adult

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The MMPI-2 and WAIS-IV are commonly used together in neuropsychological evaluations yet little is known about their interrelationships. This study explored the potential influence of psychological factors on WAIS-IV performance in a sample of 180 predominantly male veteran referrals that underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological examination in a VA Medical Center. Exclusionary criteria included failed performance validity testing and self-report distortion on the MMPI-2. A Principal Components Analysis was performed on the 15 MMPI-2 content scales, yielding three broader higher-order psychological dimensions: Internalized Emotional Dysfunction (IED), Externalized Emotional Dysfunction (EED), and Fear. Level of IED was not related to performance on the WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ or its four indexes: (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed). EED was not related to WAIS-IV performance. Level of Fear, which encompasses health preoccupations (HEA) and distorted perceptions (BIZ), was significantly related to WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ and Verbal Comprehension. These results challenge the common use of high scores on the MMPI-2 IED measures (chiefly depression and anxiety) to explain deficient WAIS-IV performance. In addition, they provide impetus for further investigation of the relation between verbal intelligence and Fear.

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“…Cognitive effects were evaluated in 23 studies, behavioral effects in 19, sensory effects in 8, motor effects in 18, and one study used a MRI to evaluate morphological effects. With regards to cognitive performance, the Wechsler scales are indicated by the literature as the most reliable and valid to assess intelligence in children (Brunner et al, 2011; Gass and Curiel, 2011; Kanaya and Ceci, 2012; San Miguel Montes et al, 2010). The Wechsler scale mostly used was the WISC, which was created to assess the intelligence of children between 6 and 16 years old.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A systematic review

et al. 2013

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Many studies have investigated the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and early childhood exposures to organophosphate (OP) pesticides among children, but they have not been collectively evaluated. The aim of the present article is to synthesize reported evidence over the last decade on OP exposure and neurodevelopmental effects in children. The Data Sources were PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, SciVerse Scopus, SpringerLink, SciELO and DOAJ. The eligibility criteria considered were studies assessing exposure to OP pesticides and neurodevelopmental effects in children from birth to 18 years of age, published between 2002 and 2012 in English or Spanish. Twenty-seven articles met the eligibility criteria. Studies were rated for evidential consideration as high, intermediate, or low based upon the study design, number of participants, exposure measurement, and neurodevelopmental measures. All but one of the 27 studies evaluated showed some negative effects of pesticides on neurobehavioral development. A positive dose–response relationship between OP exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes was found in all but one of the 12 studies that assessed dose–response. In the ten longitudinal studies that assessed prenatal exposure to OPs, cognitive deficits (related to working memory) were found in children at age 7 years, behavioral deficits (related to attention) seen mainly in toddlers, and motor deficits (abnormal reflexes) seen mainly in neonates. No meta-analysis was possible due to different measurements of exposure assessment and outcomes. Eleven studies (all longitudinal) were rated high, 14 studies were rated intermediate, and two studies were rated low. Evidence of neurological deficits associated with exposure to OP pesticides in children is growing. The studies reviewed collectively support the hypothesis that exposure to OP pesticides induces neurotoxic effects. Further research is needed to understand effects associated with exposure in critical windows of development.

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Test Anxiety in Relation to Measures of Cognitive and Intellectual Functioning

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Stimulation of 5-HT2C Receptors Improves Cognitive Deficits Induced by Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 Loss of Function Mutation

Stimulation of 5-HT2C Receptors Improves Cognitive Deficits Induced by Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 Loss of Function Mutation

Psychological variables and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV performance

Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A systematic review

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