Test-Retest Reliability of Time-Domain EEG Features to Assess Cognitive Load Using a Wireless Dry-Electrode System

Ortiz, Oscar; Blustein, Daniel; Kuruganti, Usha

doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175762

Cited by 8 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…EEG is widely used for medical diagnostics, e.g., in epilepsy, sleep disorders, coma, anesthesia, and stroke ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 2005 ; Puce and Hämäläinen, 2017 ; Seeck et al, 2017 ). In the last two decades, its applications extended to an ever-increasing number of areas that include monitoring of motor rehabilitation ( Comani et al, 2015 ; Renton et al, 2017 ), neurodevelopment in preterm infants ( Hayashi-Kurahashi et al, 2012 ; Berchicci and Comani, 2015 ; Khazaei et al, 2021 ), cognitive decline including Alzheimer’s ( Paulsen et al, 2012 ), professional sports training ( Cheron et al, 2016 ; di Fronso et al, 2019 ), mental states ( Al-Barrak et al, 2017 ; di Flumeri et al, 2019 ), microstates ( Michel and Koenig, 2018 ), sleep states ( Khazaei et al, 2021 ), cognitive load ( Ortiz et al, 2020 ), and brain computer interfaces (BCI) ( Miranda et al, 2015 ; Stegman et al, 2020 ). Most new applications require specific characteristics of the EEG equipment so their full potential can be explored in real-life, mobile environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arch Electrode: A Novel Dry Electrode Concept for Improved Wearing Comfort

et al. 2021

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Electroencephalography (EEG) is increasingly used for repetitive and prolonged applications like neurofeedback, brain computer interfacing, and long-term intermittent monitoring. Dry-contact electrodes enable rapid self-application. A common drawback of existing dry electrodes is the limited wearing comfort during prolonged application. We propose a novel dry Arch electrode. Five semi-circular arches are arranged parallelly on a common baseplate. The electrode substrate material is a flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) produced by additive manufacturing. A chemical coating of Silver/Silver-Chloride (Ag/AgCl) is applied by electroless plating using a novel surface functionalization method. Arch electrodes were manufactured and validated in terms of mechanical durability, electrochemical stability, in vivo applicability, and signal characteristics. We compare the results of the dry arch electrodes with dry pin-shaped and conventional gel-based electrodes. 21-channel EEG recordings were acquired on 10 male and 5 female volunteers. The tests included resting state EEG, alpha activity, and a visual evoked potential. Wearing comfort was rated by the subjects directly after application, as well as at 30 min and 60 min of wearing. Our results show that the novel plating technique provides a well-adhering electrically conductive and electrochemically stable coating, withstanding repetitive strain and bending tests. The signal quality of the Arch electrodes is comparable to pin-shaped dry electrodes. The average channel reliability of the Arch electrode setup was 91.9 ± 9.5%. No considerable differences in signal characteristics have been observed for the gel-based, dry pin-shaped, and arch-shaped electrodes after the identification and exclusion of bad channels. The comfort was improved in comparison to pin-shaped electrodes and enabled applications of over 60 min duration. Arch electrodes required individual adaptation of the electrodes to the orientation and hairstyle of the volunteers. This initial preparation time of the 21-channel cap increased from an average of 5 min for pin-like electrodes to 15 min for Arch electrodes and 22 min for gel-based electrodes. However, when re-applying the arch electrode cap on the same volunteer, preparation times of pin-shaped and arch-shaped electrodes were comparable. In summary, our results indicate the applicability of the novel Arch electrode and coating for EEG acquisition. The novel electrode enables increased comfort for prolonged dry-contact measurement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arch Electrode: A Novel Dry Electrode Concept for Improved Wearing Comfort

et al. 2021

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“…Electroencephalography has been used to quantify cognitive load through the analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs)—electroencephalography waveforms that have been averaged and time-locked to discrete stimuli, such as discrete auditory inputs. 2 , 20 An inverse relationship exists between the amplitude of ERPs and the cognitive load experienced by the person completing a primary and secondary task. 2 , 7 This relationship reveals temporal variations in the level of cognitive load at any time during a task.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 20 An inverse relationship exists between the amplitude of ERPs and the cognitive load experienced by the person completing a primary and secondary task. 2 , 7 This relationship reveals temporal variations in the level of cognitive load at any time during a task. When the cognitive load for the primary task is high, the ERPs relating to the secondary task will be low because of the reduced neural resources available to complete the task.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cognitive load is generally defined as the summation of mental resources required to successfully complete a task and to process information related to a task. 2 The higher the cognitive load, the more attention and concentration that are required to accurately and effectively complete the task. The concept of cognitive load, known as Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), was conceived and developed in the 1980s by John Sweller to classify the cognitive architecture of learning and to develop a framework for the efficient delivery of information.…”

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confidence: 99%

“… 9 Ultimately, the additional and prolonged cognitive burden associated with these mechanisms, as well as frustrations that arise during the use of prostheses, can cause amputees to abandon their device. 2 Additionally, there are questions among researchers as to what happens when schemas and underlying knowledge structures are disturbed because of an injury that affects the organization of neural pathways, such as amputation, as well as the ways this alters how an individual adapts to their environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Understanding and Measuring the Cognitive Load of Amputees for Rehabilitation and Prosthesis Development

Rackerby¹,

Lukosch²,

Munro³

2022

Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation

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State-of-the-art mental tasks classification based on electroencephalograms: a review

Saini

Satija

2023

Physiol. Meas.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG) plays an important role in analyzing different mental tasks and neurological disorders. Hence, it is a critical component for designing various applications, such as brain-computer interfaces, neurofeedback, etc. Mental task classification (MTC) is one of the research focuses in these applications. Therefore, numerous MTC techniques have been proposed in literary works. Although various literature reviews exist based on EEG signals for different neurological disorders and behavior analysis, there is a lack of a review of state-of-the-art MTC techniques. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed review for the MTC techniques including the classification of mental tasks and mental workload. A brief description of EEG along with its physiological and non-physiological artifacts is also presented. Further, we include information on several publicly available databases, features, classifiers, and performance metrics used in MTC studies. We implement and evaluate some of the commonly used existing MTC techniques in the presence of different artifacts and subjects, based on which the challenges and directions are highlighted for future research in MTC.

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Test-Retest Reliability of Time-Domain EEG Features to Assess Cognitive Load Using a Wireless Dry-Electrode System

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

The Arch Electrode: A Novel Dry Electrode Concept for Improved Wearing Comfort

The Arch Electrode: A Novel Dry Electrode Concept for Improved Wearing Comfort

Understanding and Measuring the Cognitive Load of Amputees for Rehabilitation and Prosthesis Development

State-of-the-art mental tasks classification based on electroencephalograms: a review

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