Test–retest reproducibility of accommodation measurements gathered in an unselected sample of UK primary school children

Adler, Paul S.; Scally, Andy J.; Barrett, Brendan T.

doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302348

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It is also possible that marginally poorer AF in younger children reflects slower processing speed However, given that there was an increase on repeat testing just a few days later, the data presented here would appear to support the view that reduced AF in the youngest children arises from poorer understanding of the task requirements or expectations compared to older children . Improvements in other measures of visual function with repeat testing over the same, brief time period have previously been reported in this sample 24,25 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…LogMAR visual acuity, stereopsis and near point of accommodation were measured. The stereopsis 24 and near point of accommodation 25 results have been previously published. There was no opportunity to determine or, where necessary correct, the refractive error prior to gathering these clinical measures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Near point accommodation (NPA) for this sample have already been published 25 . Here, an investigation was conducted as to whether those children who exhibited, across all three visits, an NPA of 9cms or above in monocular or binocular testing also exhibited persistently reduced AF.…”

Section: Agreement Between Visual Acuity Near Point Accommodation Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Test‐retest reproducibility of accommodative facility measures in primary school children

Adler¹,

Scally

Barrett

2018

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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The results reveal considerable intra-individual variability in raw AF measures in children. When the results are considered as pass/fail, children who initially exhibit normal AF continued to do so on repeat testing. Conversely, the vast majority of children with initially reduced AF exhibit normal performance on repeat testing. Using established pass/fail criteria, the prevalence of persistently reduced AF in this sample is 3.6 per cent.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Test‐retest reproducibility of accommodative facility measures in primary school children

Adler¹,

Scally

Barrett

2018

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Levels of effort on the second visit in the nil control group could have varied more due to familiarity (less effort) or practice (more effort), respectively. Adler and colleagues 18 found considerable inter-tester and within-subject accommodative variability, presumably tapping in to similar effects, in primary school children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Change in convergence and accommodation after two weeks of eye exercises in typical young adults

Horwood

Toor

Riddell

2014

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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BackgroundAlthough eye exercises appear to help heterophoria, convergence insufficiency, and intermittent strabismus, results can be confounded by placebo, practice, and encouragement effects. This study assessed objective changes in vergence and accommodation responses in naive young adults after a 2-week period of eye exercises under controlled conditions to determine the extent to which treatment effects occur over other factors.MethodsAsymptomatic young adults were randomly assigned to one of two no-treatment (control) groups or to one of six eye exercise groups: accommodation, vergence, both, convergence in excess of accommodation, accommodation in excess of convergence, and placebo. Subjects were tested and retested under identical conditions, except for the second control group, who were additionally encouraged. Objective accommodation and vergence were assessed to a range of targets moving in depth containing combinations of blur, disparity, and proximity/looming cues.ResultsA total of 156 subjects were included. Response gain improved more for less naturalistic targets where more improvement was possible. Convergence exercises improved vergence for near across all targets (P = 0.035). Mean accommodation changed similarly but nonsignificantly. No other treatment group differed significantly from the nonencouraged control group, whereas encouraging effort produced significantly increased vergence (P = 0.004) and accommodation (P = 0.005) gains in the second control group.ConclusionsTrue treatment effects were small, significantly better only after vergence exercises to a nonaccommodative target, and rarely related to the response they were designed to improve. Exercising accommodation without convergence made no difference to accommodation to cues containing detail. Additional effort improved objective responses the most.

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“…The accuracy of accommodation was measured objectively as subjective methods to determine accommodative function in children aged 4-11 years have been shown to be challenging. 37 The examiner used dynamic retinoscopy to a target at 25 cm using the Ulster-Cardiff (UC) Cube (PA Vision Ltd, http://www.pavisionuk.com/). Questions about the illuminated picture on the UC-Cube were asked during the task to stimulate accommodation and maintain the participant's attention.…”

Section: Accommodationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccades and fixations in children with delayed reading skills

Viñuela-Navarro

Erichsen

Williams

et al. 2017

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Test–retest reproducibility of accommodation measurements gathered in an unselected sample of UK primary school children

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Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Test‐retest reproducibility of accommodative facility measures in primary school children

Test‐retest reproducibility of accommodative facility measures in primary school children

Change in convergence and accommodation after two weeks of eye exercises in typical young adults

Saccades and fixations in children with delayed reading skills

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