Test Road Experiment on Imminent Warning Rear Lighting and Signaling

Wierwille, Walter W.; Lee, Suzanne E.; DeHart, M C; Perel, Michael

doi:10.1518/001872006778606831

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In a study conducted by Wierwille et al [22], an enhanced rear lighting system called ImpAltPr (improved alternating pair, flashing at 4.0 Hz) improved drivers' brake reaction times by 0.25 s (15%), similar with the results found in this experiment. Also, Gail et al [21] found that brake lights with flashing hazard lights could reduce response times by 0.23 s (13%) compared with the conventional brake system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Gail et al [21] summarized the literature on brake force display indicating braking intensity by means of increase in luminance and size. Wierwille et al [22] evaluated two flashing prototypes of enhanced brake systems. Li and Milgram [23] showed the effectiveness of optical looming cues of lead vehicle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A reduction of 80 ms (10%) was observed for the modified motorcycle brake lamps flashing at 1.5 Hz than for the conventional (nonflashing) ones. To determine the optimum flash frequency for use as an imminent warning signal, a flashing frequency of approximately 4 Hz has proven to be the optimum [31,32], which was supported by the expert subjective evaluation in a study conducted by Wierwille et al [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

Wang

et al. 2014

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Three experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of two forward crash warning systems, a flashing brake system and a flashing hazard system, using an advanced driving simulator. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects followed a lead vehicle with a desired time gap and braked when necessary. Results showed that time gap, velocity, and deceleration of the lead vehicle all significantly affected drivers' brake response times. In Experiment 2, six brake response times to a sudden lead vehicle deceleration (0.6 g at 80 km/h) were measured for six time gaps. Results showed that flashing brake system and flashing hazard system reduced drivers' brake response times by 0.14∼0.62 s and 0.03∼0.95 s, respectively, in the various situations tested. The effects of flashing color and illuminated size on drivers' brake response times were examined in Experiment 3. Results showed that flashing amber lamps reduced drivers' brake response times significantly by 0.11 s (10%) on average compared with red lamps. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of both flashing systems in reducing drivers' brake response times in urgent situations and may warrant further consideration by manufacturers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

Wang

et al. 2014

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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“…First, ITS automations may divide attention from scanning the environment for potential hazards, which may be more informative than the visual warning display in the car. Research has shown that performing a secondary visual task reduces the driver's ability to identify the lead vehicle's brake lights, deceleration, and the optical expansion rate (Summala, Lamble, & Laakso, 1998;Wierwille, Lee, DeHart, & Perel, 2006). A second problem with ITS is that their ability to scan the headway is technologically limited in distance.…”

Section: Previous Attemptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Implementation of a Graded Deceleration Display in Brake Light Warning Systems

Stanton¹,

Lew²,

Boyle³

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the Graded Deceleration Display (GDD) that is designed to replace the rear center high mounted stop lamp on automobiles. Licensed drivers were treated in simulation to both a standard brake light displays (binary) and the GDD display while the lead vehicle (LV) varied its deceleration magnitude and ramping behavior. Results entailed that the graded system produced more accurate behavioral responses during deceleration, fewer collisions, and a safer following distance than the binary system. Future research should be concerned with solidifying this framework so that it can be used to improve safety, effectiveness, and efficiency for vehicle transportation.

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“…This same study indicated that a flash rate of 4 flashes per second, or 4 Hz (Hz), was perceived to indicate the highest hazard severity compared to flash rates of 1, 2, and 3 Hz. A study of automotive rear warning lights indicated that a light flashing rate of 4 Hz was optimal (Wierwille et al, 2006). Thus, a 4 Hz flashing rate was selected for the VWS.…”

Section: Visual Warning System (Vws)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A visual warning system to reduce struck-by or pinning accidents involving mobile mining equipment

et al. 2012

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This paper describes an experiment to examine whether a visual warning system can improve detection of moving machine hazards that could result in struck-by or pinning accidents. Thirtysix participants, twelve each in one of three age groups, participated in the study. A visual warning system capable of providing four different modes of warning was installed on a continuous mining machine that is used to mine coal. The speed of detecting various machine movements was recorded with and without the visual warning system. The average speed of detection for forward and reverse machine movements was reduced by 75% when using the flashing mode of the visual warning system. This translated to 0.485 m of machine travel for the fast speed condition of 19.8 m/min, which is significant in the context of the confined spaces of a mine. There were no statistically significant differences among age groups in the ability to detect machine movements for the visual warning modes in this study. The visual warning system shows promise as a safety intervention for reducing struck-by or pinning accidents involving continuous mining machines. The methods and results of this study could be applied to other moving machinery used in mining or other industries where moving machinery poses struck-by or pinning hazards.

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Test Road Experiment on Imminent Warning Rear Lighting and Signaling

Abstract: The methods and results of this study can be applied to the future design and evaluation of automotive rear-end lighting designed to reduce RE crashes.

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

An Implementation of a Graded Deceleration Display in Brake Light Warning Systems

A visual warning system to reduce struck-by or pinning accidents involving mobile mining equipment

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