Testicular Effects of 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (Tnb). I. Dose Response and Reversibility Studies

Aromatic nitro and amino compounds have various commercial, governmental, and public applications. Their uses include manufacturing of dyes, pesticides, drugs, and explosives. These substances are typically considered high‐nitrogen compounds and as such share many of the same chemical and biological properties. Many have amines and/or nitrate groups on the ring and because of this exhibit properties where they are not highly water or lipid soluble and many tend to form crystals. When released to the environment, nitrate‐containing moieties are often reduced to amines by bacteria in wet soils and sediments. Acute effects typically target the nervous system; however, sublethal effects from repetitive exposures include anemia, methemoglobinemia, and often male reproductive effects. Cyanosis has been described from relatively high repetitive exposures. Oral exposures can affect the liver. Many are absorbed through the skin where dermal exposures can significantly contribute to systemic dose. Skin sensitization and irritation have been observed from exposure to some compounds. Many are eliminated via the urine; however, conjugated metabolites can be eliminated via the feces. Nitroso metabolites are suspected as having influence in observation of cancer, particularly in the bladder. Other similar nitramine compounds are also briefly described.

Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds

Johnson¹

2023

Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds

Weisburger¹,

Hudson²

2001

Logically, aromatic nitro and amino compounds should be discussed together because their toxic responses are often similar due to a common metabolic intermediate. Synthetically, amines are generally derived from nitro compounds, but in some cases nitro compounds can be prepared through amines when other methods fail to afford specific compounds. There are good and bad attributes to these types of compounds. Some act as sensitizers and contingent on physical properties, may be absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes. They may also cause methemoglobinemia, depending on such factors as the structure and the particular organism. Some members of this class are known as animal and human carcinogens; for humans the urinary bladder is the most prominent target organ. Nevertheless, these compounds and their derivatives have enlivened our world through their use as dyestuff intermediates or as photographic chemicals, they alleviate pain as components of widely used analgesics, and they cushion or insulate us through their use in flexible and rigid foams. Other important uses include production of pesticides, including herbicides and fungicides, as ingredients in adhesives, paints and coatings, antioxidants, explosives, optical brighteners, rubber ingredients, and as intermediates in many other products.

Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds

Bingham¹,

McGowan²

2012

Logically, aromatic nitro and amino compounds should be discussed together because their toxic responses are often similar due to a common metabolic intermediate. Synthetically, amines are generally derived from nitro compounds, but in some cases nitro compounds can be prepared through amines when other methods fail to afford specific compounds. There are good and bad attributes to these types of compounds. Some act as sensitizers and contingent on physical properties may be absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes. They may also cause methemoglobinemia, depending on such factors as the structure and the particular organism. Some members of this class are known as animal and human carcinogens; for humans, the urinary bladder is the most prominent target organ. Nevertheless, these compounds and their derivatives have enlivened our world through their use as dyestuff intermediates or as photographic chemicals, they alleviate pain as components of widely used analgesics, and they cushion or insulate us through their use in flexible and rigid foams. Other important uses include production of pesticides, including herbicides and fungicides, as ingredients in adhesives, paints and coatings, antioxidants, explosives, optical brighteners, rubber ingredients, and as intermediates in many other products.