Testicular Growth During Puberty in Boys With and Without a History of Congenital Cryptorchidism

Sadov, Sergey; Koskenniemi, Jaakko J; Virtanen, Helena E.; Perheentupa, Antti; Petersen, Jørgen Holm; Skakkebæk, Niels E.; Main, Katharina M.; Toppari, Jorma

doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3329

Cited by 46 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The puberty in males starts when the testicular volume exceeds 3 mL, as assessed by an orchidometer (187)(188)(189). This co-occurs with increased levels of serum gonadotropins, testosterone, and inhibin B (58, 72,[190][191][192][193][194][195].…”

Section: Pubertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypogonadism and Cryptorchidism

et al. 2020

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Congenital cryptorchidism (undescended testis) is one of the most common congenital urogenital malformations in boys. Prevalence of cryptorchidism at birth among boys born with normal birth weight ranges from 1.8 to 8.4%. Cryptorchidism is associated with a risk of low semen quality and an increased risk of testicular germ cell tumors. Testicular hormones, androgens and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), have an essential role in the process of testicular descent from intra-abdominal position into the scrotum in fetal life. This explains the increased prevalence of cryptorchidism among boys with diseases or syndromes associated with congenitally decreased secretion or action of androgens, such as patients with congenital hypogonadism and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. There is evidence to support that cryptorchidism is associated with decreased testicular hormone production later in life. It has been shown that cryptorchidism impairs long-term Sertoli cell function, but may also affect Leydig cells. Germ cell loss taking place in the cryptorchid testis is proportional to the duration of the condition, and therefore early orchiopexy to bring the testis into the scrotum is the standard treatment. However, the evidence for benefits of early orchiopexy for testicular endocrine function is controversial. The hormonal treatments using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce testicular descent have low success rates, and therefore they are not recommended by the current guidelines for management of cryptorchidism. However, more research is needed to assess the effects of hormonal treatments during infancy on future male reproductive health.

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Section: Pubertymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypogonadism and Cryptorchidism

et al. 2020

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“…TV is closely related to both exocrine (spermatogenesis) and endocrine (steroidogenesis) functions. The intratubular component is mainly responsible for TV, which undergoes changes from birth to adulthood (Rey, , ; Sadov et al., ). The intertubular space, with Leydig cells, is part of the luteotropic/testosterone (LH–T) axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of serum testosterone levels and testicular volume in adult patients

et al. 2017

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A retrospective observational study was undertaken to gain new insight into the relationship between total testicular volume and levels of serum testosterone, luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and clinical variables. A total of 312 men with sexual dysfunction or infertility were divided into groups A and B (156 each) on the basis of basal plasma testosterone ≤5 nmol/L of ≥12 nmol/L respectively. Group A was subclassified in A (primary hypogonadism) and A (secondary hypogonadism). There were significant differences in total testicular volume between group A (15.33 ± 11.94 ml) and group B (36.74 ± 6.9; p < .001) and also between subgroup A (11.07 ± 8.49 ml) and subgroup A (23.62 ± 13.04 ml; p < .001). Only 13.5% of patients in group B had a total testicular volume <30 ml. Differences in all studied parameters were found between group A and group B. There were no variations when comparing age, body mass index and testosterone in groups A and A . The use of total testicular volume and body mass index together for predicting testosterone levels yields a sensitivity and specificity of 85.3% and 86.5% respectively. Logistic regression analysis, univariate and multivariate models, using the measurement of total testicular volume resulted in a high capacity to predict testosterone levels.

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“…Difference in testicular volumes between these two measurement instruments was attributed to deficiency in understanding Lambert's formula. [27] In a study by Sinanoğlu et al [10] the authors determined that post-varicocelectomy catch-up growth started from 9. month and persisted up to 36. month postoperatively. Still in a study performed in 15-19 year-old men with grade 2-3 varicoceles, testicular catch-up growth started within 12 months after varico- celectomy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study by Sadov et al [27] post-pubertal testicular volumes of the patients who had undergone surgery with the diagnosis of cryptorchidism, and those of the patients whose testicular descent occurred spontaneously, and healthy control group were compared and significant intergroup differences in testicular volumes were detected. Post-pubertal small testes were associated with decreased number of Sertoli cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of testicular catch-up growth in adolescent microsurgical varicocelectomy

Bedir¹,

Keskin²,

Karabakan³

et al. 2017

Turkish Journal of Urology

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Objective: The incidence of varicocele is approximately 15% in adolecent men. Early treatment with varicocele is aimed to resolve testicular hypotrophy and ensure catch-up growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate ipsilateral catch-up growth rates relative to contralateral testicular growth in adolescents with varicocele undergoing microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy. Material and methods:Fifty adolescents with unilateral grade 2-3 varicoceles were included in the study. All patients underwent microsurgical subinguinal left varicocelectomies performed by the same experienced surgeon. All patients were evaluated clinically and using orchidometric measurements to define the grade of varicocele and testicular volume at presentation and follow-up. The number of internal and external spermatic veins, testicular arteries and lymphatic vessels preserved during the subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy were recorded. The mean follow-up period was 26 months (range 6-48 months).Results: At presentation, mean patient age was 12.9±2.1 years. Mean testicular preoperative volumes were 7.1±4.3 mL for the right and 5.4±3.4 mL for the left testis. There were significant differences between mean volumes of the right and left testis (p= 0.002). At the final postoperative follow-up visit, mean testicular volumes were 10.8±5.1 mL (range 3-25) for the right and 9.9±4.3 mL (range 2-20) for the left, and the difference between the right and left testicular volumes was insignificant (p= 0.47). In our series, catch-up growth was observed in 70% (35/50) of our patients. Conclusion:Adolescent varicocelectomy is associated with a higher percentage of patients showing testicular catch-up growth. In our study, similarly to the available literature the catch-up growth rate was found as 70% and observed to have positive effects of adolescent varicocelectomy on testicular growth.

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Testicular Growth During Puberty in Boys With and Without a History of Congenital Cryptorchidism

Abstract: Testicular growth in puberty was impaired in congenitally cryptorchid boys. This suggests a poor perinatal development of the cryptorchid testis. The timing of the onset of pubertal testicular growth, however, did not differ which suggests an intact hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Cited by 46 publications

References 35 publications

Hypogonadism and Cryptorchidism

Hypogonadism and Cryptorchidism

Association of serum testosterone levels and testicular volume in adult patients

Evaluation of testicular catch-up growth in adolescent microsurgical varicocelectomy

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