Testing for measurement invariance in the Conformity to Masculine Norms-46 across White and Asian American college men: Development and validity of the CMNI-29.

Abstract

The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI; Mahalik et al., 2003) and revised CMNI-46 (Parent & Moradi, 2009) have received a great deal of empirical attention and support for their strong psychometric properties and evidence of construct validity. However, one important area that remains unexplored is how adherence to these masculine norms may vary across race and ethnicity. The current investigation examines the possible racial measurement noninvariance in the CMNI-46 among Asian American and White American college students (N = 893). The results revealed significant measurement differences across groups; specifically, the CMNI-46 was more theoretically consistent for the White American men than the Asian American men. Through exploratory and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, an 8-factor, 29-item version of the CMNI emerged, displaying an excellent overall model fit for both racial groups. This study provides strong evidence for the use of a streamlined 29-item version of the CMNI, validated with Asian American and White American men. The findings also lend further empirical and psychometric evidence regarding the variance of masculine norms among ethnic groups as well as the variance of the multidimensional construct of masculinity.

The role of feminine and masculine norms in college women’s alcohol use.

“…The results of the CFA demonstrated acceptable model fit of the 8-factor structure of the CMNI-29 (Hsu & Iwamoto, 2014) (Neal & Simons, 2007 Table 2.…”

“…Contemporary multidimensional measures of masculine and feminine norms include the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI; Mahalik et al, 2003) and the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory (CFNI; Mahalik et al, 2005), and their shortened versions, the CMNI-46, CMNI-29, and the CNFI-45 (Hsu & Iwamoto, 2014;Parent & Moradi, 2009;. Mahalik and his colleagues (2003; developed the CMNI and the CFNI to assess the extent to which men and women conform to gender norms that are reflective of dominant U.S. culture.…”

“…While there is no guarantee that all of the participants' self-reported alcohol data were accurate, research has noted that alcohol self-report measures are generally reliable and valid. Finally, another potential limitation was the use of the CMNI-29 (Hsu & Iwamoto, 2014) among a sample of women. Although our confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable model fit, indicating that women were responding to the masculine norm inventory items such that the items were loading well onto their respective factors, it is possible that women interpreted certain items on this inventory differently than men.…”

“…Endorsement of multidimensional masculine norms was measured with the CMNI-29 (Hsu & Iwamoto, 2014). This measure captures the extent to which an individual endorses specific subsets of masculinity as they pertain to U.S. hegemonic (white, heterosexual, middle class) culture.…”

“…To further streamline the measure on conformity to masculine norms, Hsu & Iwamoto (2014) developed the CMNI-29, which was used in the present study.…”