Testing of the Adhesion of Herpes Simplex Virus on Textile Substrates and Its Inactivation by Household Laundry Processes

Gerhardts, Anja; Bockmühl, Dirk P.; Kyas, Andrea; Hofmann, Anja; Weide, Mirko; Rapp, Ingrid; Höfer, Dirk

doi:10.4236/jbm.2016.412015

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Here, we evaluate microbial hazards in laundry representative of a nonenveloped respiratory virus (rhinovirus), a nonenveloped enteric virus (rotavirus) and a Gram‐negative bacterium (nontyphoidal Salmonella ) and estimate from the literature initial concentrations of 10 7 , 10 11 and 10 10 respectively (Table 3 ) (Gerba, 2000 ; L’Huillier et al, 2015 ). Die‐off during storage alone may be greater than 4 logs for unwashed laundry contaminated with enveloped or respiratory viruses (Gerhardts et al, 2016 ; Harbourt et al, 2020 ; Sakaguchi et al, 2010 ). Enteric pathogens, however, may survive well during room temperature storage, resulting in potentially high exposure levels from initial handling (Sattar et al, 1986 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying pathogen infection risks from household laundry practices

Reynolds

Verhougstraete

Mena

et al. 2021

J of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: Contaminated laundry can spread infections. However, current directives for safe laundering are limited to healthcare settings and not reflective of domestic conditions. We aimed to use quantitative microbial risk assessment to evaluate household laundering practices (e.g., detergent selection, washing and drying temperatures, and sanitizer use) relative to log 10 reductions in pathogens and infection risks during the clothes sorting, washer/dryer loading, folding, and storing steps. Methods and Results: Using published data, we characterized laundry infection risks for respiratory and enteric pathogens relative to a single user contact scenario and a 1.0 x 10 -6 acceptable risk threshold. For respiratory pathogens, risks following cold water wash temperatures Accepted ArticleThis article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved (e.g., median 14.4 o C) and standard detergents ranged from 2.2 x 10 -5 to 2.2 x 10 -7 . Use of advanced, enzymatic detergents reduced risks to 8.6 x 10 -8 and 2.2 x 10 -11 , respectively. For enteric pathogens, however, hot water, advanced detergents, sanitizing agents, and drying are needed to reach risk targets. Significance and Impact of Study: Conclusions provide guidance for household laundry practices to achieve targeted risk reductions, given a single user contact scenario. A key finding was that hand hygiene implemented at critical control points in the laundering process was the most significant driver of infection prevention, additionally reducing infection risks by up to six log 10 .

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying pathogen infection risks from household laundry practices

Reynolds

Verhougstraete

Mena

et al. 2021

J of Applied Microbiology

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“…The human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43 was inactivated within 3 h on cotton gauze sponge, while HCoV 229E remained infectious for 12 h ( Sizun, Yu & Talbot (2000) . Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in the presence of artificial soiling (bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes) gradually reduces on cotton surfaces over time with complete inactivation within 48 h ( Gerhardts et al, 2016 ). Enteric viruses survive for longer than SARS-CoV and HSV-1 on textiles, for example, poliovirus survives at room temperature for 84–140 days on wool and 42–84 days on cotton ( Yeargin et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Survey Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, in vitro studies most commonly inoculate fabrics by pipetting microbiological suspensions on to the textile ( Neely & Orloff, 2001 ; Lai, Cheng & Lim, 2005 ; Colclasure et al, 2015 ; Gerhardts et al, 2016 ; Riley et al, 2017 ; Chin et al, 2020 ). The use of microbiological suspensions simulates wet transfer of microorganisms, such as through respiratory fluids, whereas some pathogens may be transmitted without fluids, for example from a dry surface.…”

Section: Survey Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of textiles as fomites in the healthcare environment: a review of the infection control risk

Owen

Laird

2020

PeerJ

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Background Infectious diseases are a significant threat in both healthcare and community settings. Healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) in particular are a leading cause of complications during hospitalisation. Contamination of the healthcare environment is recognised as a source of infectious disease yet the significance of porous surfaces including healthcare textiles as fomites is not well understood. It is currently assumed there is little infection risk from textiles due to a lack of direct epidemiological evidence. Decontamination of healthcare textiles is achieved with heat and/or detergents by commercial or in-house laundering with the exception of healthcare worker uniforms which are laundered domestically in some countries. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for rigorous infection control including effective decontamination of potential fomites in the healthcare environment. This article aims to review the evidence for the role of textiles in the transmission of infection, outline current procedures for laundering healthcare textiles and review studies evaluating the decontamination efficacy of domestic and industrial laundering. Methodology Pubmed, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched for publications pertaining to the survival and transmission of microorganisms on textiles with a particular focus on the healthcare environment. Results A number of studies indicate that microorganisms survive on textiles for extended periods of time and can transfer on to skin and other surfaces suggesting it is biologically plausible that HCAIs and other infectious diseases can be transmitted directly through contact with contaminated textiles. Accordingly, there are a number of case studies that link small outbreaks with inadequate laundering or infection control processes surrounding healthcare laundry. Studies have also demonstrated the survival of potential pathogens during laundering of healthcare textiles, which may increase the risk of infection supporting the data published on specific outbreak case studies. Conclusions There are no large-scale epidemiological studies demonstrating a direct link between HCAIs and contaminated textiles yet evidence of outbreaks from published case studies should not be disregarded. Adequate microbial decontamination of linen and infection control procedures during laundering are required to minimise the risk of infection from healthcare textiles. Domestic laundering of healthcare worker uniforms is a particular concern due to the lack of control and monitoring of decontamination, offering a route for potential pathogens to enter the clinical environment. Industrial laundering of healthcare worker uniforms provides greater assurances of adequate decontamination compared to domestic laundering, due to the ability to monitor laundering parameters; this is of particular importance during the COVID-19 pandemic to minimise any risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

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“…Enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are very sensitive to the removal/inactivation capability of some detergents and can result in the elimination of these viruses even in cold water washes (31,32). The median cold-water wash is on May 24, 2021 by guest http://aem.asm.org/ Downloaded from 14.4°C (57.9 o F) in the United States.…”

Section: Removal Of Pathogens and Odor Causing Microbes By Launderingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laundry Hygiene and Odor Control: State of the Science

Abney

Ijaz

McKinney

et al. 2021

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Laundering of textiles – clothing, linens, cleaning cloths - functionally removes dirt and bodily fluids which, prevent the transmission and re-exposure to pathogens as well as odor control. Thus, proper laundering is key to controlling microbes that cause illness and produce odors. The practice of laundering varies from region to region and is influenced by culture and resources. This review aims to define laundering as a series of steps that influence the exposure of the person processing the laundry to pathogens – with respect to the removal and control of pathogens and odor causing bacteria, while taking into consideration the types of textiles. Defining laundering in this manner will help better educate the consumer, highlight areas where more research is needed, and how to maximize products and resources. Control of microorganisms during laundering involves mechanical (agitation, soaking), chemical (detergent, bleach), and physical processes (detergent, temperature). Temperature plays the most important role in terms of pathogen control, requiring temperatures exceeding 40°C to 60°C for proper inactivation. While detergents play a role in reducing the microbial load of laundering through release of microbes attached to fabrics and inactivation of microbes sensitive to detergents (e.g. enveloped viruses). The use of additives (enzymes) and bleach (chlorine, activated oxygen) become essential in washes with temperatures below 20°C, especially for certain enteric viruses and bacteria. A structured approach is needed which identifies all the steps in the laundering process and attempts to identify each step relative to its importance to infection risk and odor production.

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Testing of the Adhesion of Herpes Simplex Virus on Textile Substrates and Its Inactivation by Household Laundry Processes

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Quantifying pathogen infection risks from household laundry practices

Quantifying pathogen infection risks from household laundry practices

The role of textiles as fomites in the healthcare environment: a review of the infection control risk

Laundry Hygiene and Odor Control: State of the Science

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