CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 2 Experimental Studies 2 Peripheral Studies 17 Descriptive Studies 23 Nonexperimental Attempts to Develop Philosophical Scales 23 CHAPTER 3. PROCEDURES AND RESULTS 26 Method 26 Factor Analysis and Reliabilities 28 Analysis of Judges' Responses 28 Utilizing the Instrument on Student Samples 38 Analysis of Students' Data 38 Results 39 Analysis of Variance 41 CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 71 DEDICATION 72 APPENDIX A; INSTRUMENT IN ENGLISH 73 APPENDIX B: INSTRUMENT IN ARABIC 85 Existentialism factor 3 and Cronbach's alpha estimates 36 Analysis of variance, Egyptian and American judges Means for Egyptian and American judges across all philosophical measures 43 Means for Egyptian and American judges 43 Means for Egyptian and American judges-culture groups combined 44 Means for Egyptian and American judges 46 Significant values on the simple effects for groups X subgroups 48 Significant subculture values across philosophies 49 Philosophical comparisons among subculture groups 55 ANOV, Egyptian and American students 60 Significant philosophical differences within groups 61 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Mean profiles for the two cultural groups. 59 1 CHAPTER 1.