Testing the Equal Energy Hypothesis in Noise-Exposed Fishes

Smith, Michael E.; Gilley, Ronald R

doi:10.1080/09524622.2008.9753871

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…In this study, increasing the number of pulse pressures and SEL cum increased the likelihood of soft tissue damage. Although this may seem intuitive, the equal-energy hypothesis suggests that the effects of a large single pulse of energy are equivalent to the effects of energy received from many smaller pulses (Smith and Gilley 2008). Although our study was not designed to evaluate that hypothesis, previous studies on the effects of pulse pressure associated with pile driving do not support the hypothesis for tissue damage (i.e., fewer louder strikes were more effective than many quieter strikes; Halvorsen et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

The Effects of Pulse Pressure from Seismic Water Gun Technology on Northern Pike

et al. 2013

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We examined the efficacy of sound pressure pulses generated from a water gun for controlling invasive Northern Pike Esox lucius. Pulse pressures from two sizes of water guns were evaluated for their effects on individual fish placed at a predetermined random distance. Fish mortality from a 5,620.8-cm 3 water gun (peak pressure source level = 252 dB referenced to 1 µP at 1 m) was assessed every 24 h for 168 h, and damage (intact, hematoma, or rupture) to the gas bladder, kidney, and liver was recorded. The experiment was replicated with a 1,966.4-cm 3 water gun (peak pressure source level = 244 dB referenced to 1 µP at 1 m), but fish were euthanized immediately. The peak sound pressure level (SPL peak ), peak-to-peak sound pressure level (SPL p-p ), and frequency spectrums were recorded, and the cumulative sound exposure level (SEL cum ) was subsequently calculated. The SPL peak , SPL p-p , and SEL cum were correlated, and values varied significantly by treatment group for both guns. Mortality increased and organ damage was greater with decreasing distance to the water gun. Mortality (31%) by 168 h was only observed for Northern Pike exhibiting the highest degree of organ damage. Mortality at 72 h and 168 h postexposure was associated with increasing SEL cum above 195 dB. The minimum SEL cum calculated for gas bladder rupture was 199 dB recorded at 9 m from the 5,620.8-cm 3 water gun and 194 dB recorded at 6 m from the 1,966.4-cm 3 water gun. Among Northern Pike that were exposed to the large water gun, 100% of fish exposed at 3 and 6 m had ruptured gas bladders, and 86% exposed at 9 m had ruptured gas bladders. Among fish that were exposed to pulse pressures from the smaller water gun, 78% exhibited gas bladder rupture. Results from these initial controlled experiments underscore the potential of water guns as a tool for controlling Northern Pike.One technology that is being considered as a potential tool for suppressing invasive fish is the seismic water gun (USEPA 2010). In the early 1980s, water guns were developed as an alternative to seismic air guns for seismic exploration (Hutchinson and Detrick 1984). In brief, a water gun operates as a low-energy,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%