“…Second language learners can acquire many aspects of a new language (L2) at surprisingly fast rates. In both naturalistic and artificial acquisition settings, novice learners show phonological (e.g., Gullberg, Roberts, Dimroth, Veroude & Indefrey, 2010), lexicosemantic (e.g., Dittinger, Scherer, Jäncke, Besson & Elmer, 2019;Gullberg et al, 2010;Kimppa, Kujala, Leminen, Vainio & Shtyrov, 2015), and even grammatical L2 knowledge (e.g., Cunillera et al, 2009;de Diego-Balaguer, Toro, Rodríguez-Fornells & Bachoud-Lévi, 2007;Gosselke Berthelsen, Horne, Shtyrov & Roll, 2020) after mere minutes of language contact or training. An important facilitating factor during such early stages of second language acquisition (SLA) is transfer.…”