“…These results are consistent with those of Moosa and A-Loughani (1995), Silvapulle and Choi (1999), Khan and Rizwan (2008), which reported bidirectional causal relationship to some Asian stock markets, and some emerging European markets such as Hungary, Poland, and Russia, (Gunduz and Hatemi-J 2005), and to small developed markets such as Switzerland, Netherlands, Turkey, and Hong Kong ), Ajayi et.al. (2003 and Kamath (2003).…”