Testosterone replacement elevates the serum uric acid levels in patients with female to male gender identity disorder

Kurahashi, Hiroaki; Watanabe, Masami; Sugimoto, Masaaki; Ariyoshi, Yuichi; Mahmood, Sabina; Araki, Motoo; Ishii, Kunihiko; Nasu, Yasutomo; Nagai, Atsushi; Kumon, Hiromi

doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0203

Cited by 60 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Testosterone and estradiol display inhibitory and enhancing effects, respectively, on the renal excretion of uric acid and this theory also explains the age and gender differences in serum uric acid levels (38). Muscle mass and uric acid levels display a positive correlation in those receiving testosterone therapy (38,39). Transgender patients develop a muscular body owing to an increase in muscle mass after testosterone therapy and as a result of heavy exercise and muscle training.…”

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Giving testosterone externally leads to retention of water and sodium, hypertension, increased erythropoiesis, increased LDL levels, decreased HDL levels, elevated liver enzyme levels, obesity, the development of acne, and emotional and psychiatric problems (38). These effects vary depending on the testosterone dose (38).…”

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These effects vary depending on the testosterone dose (38). Estrogen replacement therapy in those who undergo male-to-female gender reassignment reduces serum uric acid concentrations and increases uric acid excretion in the urine (39).…”

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estrogen replacement therapy in those who undergo male-to-female gender reassignment reduces serum uric acid concentrations and increases uric acid excretion in the urine (39). Considering the mechanisms underlying the increases in serum uric acid concentration induced by testosterone replacement therapy, it is possible that sex hormones affect serum uric acid concentrations by influencing renal uric acid excretion (38,(40)(41)(42). Testosterone and estradiol display inhibitory and enhancing effects, respectively, on the renal excretion of uric acid and this theory also explains the age and gender differences in serum uric acid levels (38).…”

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the mechanisms underlying the increases in serum uric acid concentration induced by testosterone replacement therapy, it is possible that sex hormones affect serum uric acid concentrations by influencing renal uric acid excretion (38,(40)(41)(42). Testosterone and estradiol display inhibitory and enhancing effects, respectively, on the renal excretion of uric acid and this theory also explains the age and gender differences in serum uric acid levels (38). Muscle mass and uric acid levels display a positive correlation in those receiving testosterone therapy (38,39).…”

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Uric Acid Elevation

Ayyıldız¹

2016

JAREM

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Uric acid is a molecule that is produced following purine nucleotide metabolism. It is particularly synthesized in the liver and less often in other tissues. In normal concentrations, it is an antioxidant and a proinflammatory; however, if its serum concentration is over 7.0 mg/dL, it immediately crystalizes and precipitates, particularly in the vessel walls, soft tissues, joints, and renals. Several studies have demonstrated that there a positive relationship between hyperuricemia and diseases such as metabolic syndrome, stroke, preeclampsia, hypertension, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Identification of the elevated uric acid concentration and early treatment of hyperuricemia may help in early diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are positively related to hyperuricemia. Thus, serum uric acid concentrations should be well examined during biochemical analyses of patients visiting the hospital. In this review, uric acid and its elevated concentrations were re-checked and its importance in health was emphasized. (JAREM 2016; 6: 74-7)

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Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Sex Hormones and Uric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Uric Acid Elevation

Ayyıldız¹

2016

JAREM

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Relatively low sex hormone‐binding globulin concentration is a risk factor for hyperuricemia in middle‐aged Japanese men

Fujihara

Hamanoue

Akehi

et al. 2020

Obesity Science & Practice

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Summary Objective Low testosterone and hyperuricemia are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, little is known about the nature of the relationships between serum testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations, and hyperuricemia. Methods We evaluated the relationships between serum testosterone (calculated bioavailable testosterone [cbT], calculated free testosterone [cFT], SHBG, and total testosterone [TT]) and metabolic indices, including serum uric acid, in 363 Japanese males (mean age 51.1 ± 8.7 years) at routine health examinations. Results Participants with hyperuricemia (≥7.0 mg/dL) demonstrated lower adiponectin, cbT, cFT, SHBG, and TT, but a higher MetS prevalence and higher values of various MetS‐related parameters than those without hyperuricemia (<7.0 mg/dL). Binary regression analysis revealed that less than 52 nmol/L SHBG, less than 5.0 μg/mL serum adiponectin, greater than or equal to 7.0 g/dL total protein, and greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/dL creatinine were statistically significant risk factors for hyperuricemia. Receiver operating characteristic analysis confirmed that less than 46.5 nmol/L (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.645) SHBG and less than 3.68 μg/mL (AUC = 0.691) adiponectin concentrations were significant risk factors for hyperuricemia. Conclusions We provide evidence that low SHBG provides an important marker for hyperuricemia in middle‐aged Japanese men. This finding provides clinical evidence that low SHBG is closely associated with MetS, which is often accompanied with hyperuricemia.

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