Tests for detecting strabismus in children aged 1 to 6 years in the community

Hull, Sarah; Tailor, Vijay; Balduzzi, Sara; Rahi, Jugnoo S; Schmucker, Christine; Virgili, Gianni; Dahlmann‐Noor, Annegret

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011221.pub2

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…A Cochrane meta-analysis [ 35 ] of anti-VEGF treatment in DMO was published in 2017. RCTs which compared anti-VEGF injections, another treatment, sham or no treatment in DMO were included.…”

Section: Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Oedemamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Aflibercept Treatment for Macular Disease

et al. 2021

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Aflibercept is a fully human recombinant fusion protein that includes the second domain of human VEGF receptor 1 and the third domain of human VEGF receptor 2. Despite the important role played by VEGF in maintaining the physiological condition of the retina under normal conditions, dysregulation of VEGF can result in pathological alterations including hyperpermeability of the retinal capillaries and migration and proliferation of retinal endothelial cells. Over the years, a number of studies have evaluated the use of intravitreal aflibercept in different retinal diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize the scientific evidence and recommendations for use of intravitreal aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular oedema, macular oedema associated with retinal vein occlusion, and myopic choroidal neovascularization.

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Section: Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Oedemamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Aflibercept Treatment for Macular Disease

et al. 2021

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“…There was unanimous agreement that further research is required to evaluate measurements of activities of daily living in relation to vision vs general function with specific aspects to be considered such as observed navigation and mobility, spatial awareness, self-care and writing. Quality appraisal for COM considered documentation of the use of the instrument in the target population, content validity, quality of evidence, and feasibility of use of the instrument 24–49. Timing of these measurements were recommended at minimum time points of baseline and follow-up at 4, 12 and 26 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of core outcome sets and core outcome measures for central visual impairment, visual field loss and ocular motility disorders due to stroke: a Delphi and consensus study

2022

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ObjectivesReporting of research for stroke-related visual impairment is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to define three core outcome sets (COS) and related core outcome measurements (COM) for central visual impairment, visual field loss and ocular motility disorders in stroke research.DesignThe consensus process consisted of an online three-round Delphi survey followed by a consensus meeting of key stakeholders.SettingUK-wide survey.ParticipantsStakeholders included orthoptists, occupational therapists, ophthalmologists, stroke survivors and COS users such as researchers, journal editors and guideline developers.Outcome measuresFor COS development, a list of potentially relevant visual outcomes was created after review of the literature and further grouped into outcome domains. For COM development, a list of potential instruments was created after review of the literature and quality appraised for reliability and validity.ResultsCOS—119 potential outcomes extracted from published literature. Similar assessment outcomes were grouped into 24 outcome domains. Delphi process included 123 participants in round 1, 65 round 2, 51 round 3. Twelve participants attended the consensus meeting with recommended outcome domains for central visual impairment (visual acuity, functional vision, quality of life), visual field loss (visual fields, functional vision, quality of life) and ocular motility disorders (eye alignment, eye movements, functional vision, quality of life). COM—52 test options extracted from the COS outcomes and grouped into 16 domains. Thirteen participants attended the COM consensus meeting. Recommended instruments for measurement of these outcomes include; Logarithm of the Minimal Angle of Resolution visual acuity, cover test, cardinal position eye movement assessments, peripheral visual field perimetry, Visual Function Questionnaire-25.ConclusionsCOS and COM are defined for vision research for stroke survivors. Their use has potential to reduce heterogeneity in routine clinical practice and improve standardisation and accuracy of vision assessment. Future research is required to evaluate the use of these COS and COM.

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“…The Hirschberg’s test, which uses the position of corneal light reflex (CLR) related to pupillary or corneal limbus for estimation of angle of deviation, is a simple and easy test. However, the test precision is poor, because it uses the measurement of position of CLR, which is prone to human error; especially when performed by inexperienced personnel [ 1 , 4 ]. The Hirschberg coefficients varies between 13 and 21 prism diopter (PD) per mm, due to variations of research methodology, techniques and subjects [ 5 – 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this method requires professionalism, is time consuming, depends on a special device) prism(, and requires the cooperation of patients in the measurement. In addition, the accuracy of strabismus measurement is often limited; especially when performed by non-experts [ 1 ]. Accurate angle measurement is very important for preoperative evaluations, operative procedures and postoperative follow up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reliability of the angle of deviation measurement from the Photo-Hirschberg tests and Krimsky tests

et al. 2021

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Objective To compare the angle of deviation measured from Photo-Hirschberg testing and Krimsky testing, with that from an alternate prism cover test (APCT) in strabismus patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand. Thirty-three strabismus patients were photographed for analysis by Photo-Hirschberg testing using computer software. The corneal light reflex displacement, converted into prism diopter (PD), was compared to the angle of deviation measured with APCT. Twenty-eight strabismus patients were tested with the Krimsky test. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and paired t-tests. The study excluded 4 intermittent exotropia cases, 1 intermittent esotropia case and 2 which cases missing data for krimsky test. Results The mean±SD of the deviation angle, measured by APCT with a fixation target at 30 cm and 6 m; were 48.09±16.34PD and 47.82±15.73 PD, respectively. At 1 m, the difference in the angle of deviation measured from APCT and the Photo-Hirschberg test within 10 PD were 58.8% and 63.6%, for ET and XT, respectively. The difference in the angle of deviation measured from APCT and Krimsky tests within 10 PD in ET and XT were 86.7% and 80.0%, respectively. At 4 m, the difference in angle of deviation measured from APCT and Photo-Hirschberg tests within 10 PD in ET and XT were 58.8% and 54.5%, respectively; whereas, the difference in the angle of deviation measured from APCT and Krimsky tests within 10 PD in ET and XT were 80.0% and 70.0%, respectively. Conclusion The reliability of Krimsky test was better than Photo-Hirschberg test for measuring an angle of deviation.

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Tests for detecting strabismus in children aged 1 to 6 years in the community

Abstract: There is very limited data in the literature to ascertain the accuracy of tests for detecting strabismus in the community as performed by non-expert screeners. A large prospective study to compare methods would be required to determine which tests have the greatest accuracy.

Cited by 20 publications

References 97 publications

A Review of Aflibercept Treatment for Macular Disease

A Review of Aflibercept Treatment for Macular Disease

Development of core outcome sets and core outcome measures for central visual impairment, visual field loss and ocular motility disorders due to stroke: a Delphi and consensus study

The reliability of the angle of deviation measurement from the Photo-Hirschberg tests and Krimsky tests

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