Tests of barley varieties in America /

Abstract

The differences between Chevalier, Gold, Thorpe, Manchuria, and Coast varieties are very apparent, and there is no overlapping. These barleys are adapted also to definite sets of ecological condi-TESTS OF BARLEY VARIETIES IN AMERICA 3 tions.Otlier varieties adapted to these districts are often intermediate in character, especially where the districts mer^e into each other; that is, where sets of conditions overlap. The Chevalier variety is typical of England. 'Very similar barle3's, however, are found in JDenmark and Bohemia, where conditions similar to those of England exist. The Hanna barleys of Bavaria, Austria, and Bohemia differ somewhat from the 2-rowed sorts which are occasionally found in southern Eussia. The nodding Coast and more erect Peruvian types of North Africa are quite characteristic of that region. Stavropol, a variety brought from the dry Sta^Topol region of southern Eussia, is similar to the nodding Coast type. In the areas north and east of the Black and Caspian Seas there are numerous 6-rowed barley's of local adaptation. These are grown on the border land between regions suited to the culture of barley of the North African type and those suited to that of the Manchurian type. Many of these varieties are intermediate between these groups. A variety partaking of the characters of two groups is defined to a certain extent by placing it in either one of them. FOREIGN SOURCES The original introductions of barley into America were entirely from Europe and North Africa. Later, barleys from Asia Minor were im^ported in a commercial way. The Nepal barley of India was introduced largely as a curiosity. In recent years numerous barleys have been brought into this country from Asia. Yields of many varieties from different parts of the world are reported in the tables of this bulletin. The commercial-barley acreage of the United States at the present time consists almost entirely of barlej^s from two ecological districts. These are (1) North Africa and (2) the central Eurasian Plain, which reaches through the level temperate countries from the North Sea, through Eussia, and by a slender belt through Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. The barleys of the v/estern part of the United States are entirely of the ISorth African group, with the exception of those grown in certain valleys, such as the Salinas of California, where unusual conditions occur. The North African barleys came into America with the Spanish invasion and spread with the settlements on the Pacific coast. These introductions were grown almost to the exclusion of all other varieties until the last few years, when two other North African barleys were introduced into general field agriculture. These were the Club Mariout and California Mariout from the district of Mariout, Egypt, the latter from nonirrigated lands. These varieties are now grown on an acreage which seems to assure their place in the western part of the United States, at least until others are brought in or developed. The 6-rowed barleys grown in the Mississippi Valley are of the ty...

Selling behavior of cytoplasmic male sterile barley in Norway and the United States*

“…CCI is a mixture of crosses of ABERG and WIEBE 1946;BRIGGLE 1988personal Hereditas I I I (1989 (1944) stated "there is no way to determine which two varieties were the parents of the selection which was later named Compana." Compana, however, closely resembles the cultivar Smyrna, which is an introduction from Turkey (HARLAN and MARTINI 1925), and it is highly likely Smyrna is one of its parents. The only crosses Harlan made with Smyrna as a parent to produce CCI are Srnyrnd Hannchen and Smyrna/Gatami (WIEBE 1943 unpubl.…”

“…We believe that Compana is the result of one of these two crosses probably a 2by 6rowed cross since it has larger lateral flowers than most 2-rowed cultivars, some anthers in the lateral florets, and is probably of the genetic constitution VVII (GrLBERrSON and HOCKETT 1986). Gatami is a 6-rowed cultivar introduced from Manchuria, and Hannchen, an introduction from Northern Europe (HARLAN and MARTINI 1925). Compana, therefore.…”

Measuring hidden phenotype: Quantifying the shape of barley seeds using the Euler Characteristic Transform

“…We selected 28 barley accessions with diverse spike morphologies and geographical origins for our analysis (Harlan and Martini, 1929, 1936, 1940). In November of 2016, seeds from each accession were stratified at 4C on wet paper towels for a week, and germinated on the bench at room temperature.…”

Barley improvement

“…However, competition does not automatically eliminate superior agricultural types, as seen when 17 mutant or near-isogenic strains of Hannchen were grown mixed together [155]. In a more complex experiment equal numbers of seeds of 12 varieties (of which only two were not morphologically distinct) were mixed and sown [60]. The harvested, mixed seed was re-sown at different locations during 4 to 12 years.…”

“…When a mixture of 6000 varieties was grown under conditions of severe stress, involving annual lateplanting, the yield increased roughly linearly by 57% in 6 years so efficient selection of well-adapted, better yielding genotypes was occurring [118]. [60,139]. When seed from 105 crosses, a complete diallele series, was bulked and grown for some years at nine locations (in Canada, U.S.A., and Norway) plant height, seed size, collar type and various other morphological characters were little changed but black grains declined rapidly at most areas as did two-rowed ears everywhere except Norway [82].…”