Tests With Single Injections of Methoxychlor Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Larvicides in Large Rivers

Fredeen, F. J. H.

doi:10.4039/ent106285-3

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The first studies were reported in the 1970s and 1980s. Many of the early studies were based in Canada and focused on side effects either of aerial application of insecticides (e.g., fenitrothion) to forest environments (Eidt, 1975; Flannagan, 1973; Poirier and Surgeoner, 1988) or of experimental injections of simulium larvicides (e.g., methoxychlor or fenthion) into headwater streams (Burdick et al, 1968; Clark et al, 1987; Cuffney et al, 1984; Dosdall and Lehmkuhl, 1989; Flannagan et al, 1979; Freeden, 1974, 1975; Haufe et al, 1980; Hynes and Wallace, 1975; Wallace and Hynes, 1975; Wallace et al, 1976). They are thus not reported in Table 2 Yasuno et al (1981) studied the effects of the simulium larvicide temephos, which was experimentally added to two small tributaries of the Yamaguchi River, Japan, on invertebrate drift.…”

Section: Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review

Schulz¹

2004

J of Env Quality

336

254

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Recently, much attention has been focused on insecticides as a group of chemicals combining high toxicity to invertebrates and fishes with low application rates, which complicates detection in the field. Assessment of these chemicals is greatly facilitated by the description and understanding of exposure, resulting biological effects, and risk mitigation strategies in natural surface waters under field conditions due to normal farming practice. More than 60 reports of insecticide-compound detection in surface waters due to agricultural nonpoint-source pollution have been published in the open literature during the past 20 years, about one-third of them having been undertaken in the past 3.5 years. Recent reports tend to concentrate on specific routes of pesticide entry, such as runoff, but there are very few studies on spray drift-borne contamination. Reported aqueous-phase insecticide concentrations are negatively correlated with the catchment size and all concentrations of > 10 microg/L (19 out of 133) were found in smaller-scale catchments (< 100 km2). Field studies on effects of insecticide contamination often lack appropriate exposure characterization. About 15 of the 42 effect studies reviewed here revealed a clear relationship between quantified, non-experimental exposure and observed effects in situ, on abundance, drift, community structure, or dynamics. Azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan were frequently detected at levels above those reported to reveal effects in the field; however, knowledge about effects of insecticides in the field is still sparse. Following a short overview of various risk mitigation or best management practices, constructed wetlands and vegetated ditches are described as a risk mitigation strategy that have only recently been established for agricultural insecticides. Although only 11 studies are available, the results in terms of pesticide retention and toxicity reduction are very promising. Based on the reviewed literature, recommendations are made for future research activities.

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Section: Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review

Schulz¹

2004

J of Env Quality

336

254

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“…Ent. 108: 591-600 (1976) The larvae of Simulium arcticum Malloch in three collections from the North aska at chew an River of May and June 1969, 1971, and 1974 showed seven instars. The first instar larva possessed an egg burster and the seventh instar larva possessed separated cervical sclerites.…”

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confidence: 99%

THE SEVEN LARVAL INSTARS OF SIMULIUM ARCTICUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)

Fredeen¹

1976

Can Entomol

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Can. Ent. 108: 591-600 (1976) The larvae of Simulium arcticum Malloch in three collections from the North aska at chew an River of May and June 1969, 1971, and 1974 showed seven instars. The first instar larva possessed an egg burster and the seventh instar larva possessed separated cervical sclerites. The intervening instars, however, could be decisively identified only by measuring the lengths of the postgenae. The observed mean postgenal lengths for all but the seventh instar were near those predicted by the regression line log, Y = 4.1216+ ,2927X. The observed mean lengths of whole larvae of all seven instars were near those predicted by the regression line log, Y = -.5234+.3238X but with relatively large standard deviations. Thus there were geometric increases in size between successive instars.

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“…The impact of methoxychlor [1,1, l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane] in aquatic ecosystems has been extensively studied in Canada because of the chemical's importance as an agricultural insecticide as well as in the control of biting flies and other Diptera [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Several authors have reported the use of enclosures or limnocorrals to monitor the effects and impact of a number of substances in the aquatic ecosystem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of methoxychlor on zooplankton in freshwater enclosures: Influence of enclosure size and number of applications

Solomon¹,

Stephenson

Kaushik

1989

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Methoxychlor was applied to 20, 100 and 1,000 m3 enclosures at a nominal concentration of 20 μg L−1. Total dissipation was more rapid than expected in the 20 m3 enclosures (slope = −0.0288) while rates in the 100 and 1,000 m3 enclosures were similar (slope = −0.0207 and −0.0187, respectively). Effects on zooplankton were less rapid and less severe and recovery more rapid in the 20 m3 than in the larger enclosures, but little difference was observed between the 100 and 1,000 m3 enclosures. Comparison of a single application of 20 μg L−1 in 100 m3 enclosures with two applications of 10 μg L−1, 35 days apart, also in 100 m3 enclosures, showed a more rapid dissipation after the first application than after the second (slope = −0.0236 vs. −0.0161). Acute toxic effects were not observed after the second treatment, and little effect on time to recovery was noted. Selection of certain species by the second application of methoxychlor was not observed.

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Tests With Single Injections of Methoxychlor Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Larvicides in Large Rivers

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review

Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review

THE SEVEN LARVAL INSTARS OF SIMULIUM ARCTICUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)

Effects of methoxychlor on zooplankton in freshwater enclosures: Influence of enclosure size and number of applications

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