Tetanus Prophylaxis and Circulating Antitoxin in Men and Women

Marvell, Doris M.; Parish, H. J.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4173.891

Cited by 23 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Additionally, females also have higher cellular responses to a herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine that is not currently used (145). Only a few studies report opposite findings, with higher antibody responses to diphtheria (60,146), PCV13 (118), and tetanus (60,147) vaccination in females, higher antibody responses to TIV (91) vaccination in males, or no difference between sexes in antibody responses to rabies (148) vaccination (Table 2).…”

Section: Lower Vaccine Responses In Neonates and Young Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination

2019

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SUMMARYThere is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.

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Section: Lower Vaccine Responses In Neonates and Young Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination

2019

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“…In vaccinated adults, sex-related differences have been observed in immunogenicity and clinical effectiveness for influenza (Wang et al ., 2002; Cook et al ., 2006; Hui et al ., 2006; Couch et al ., 2007; Nichol et al ., 2007; Engler et al ., 2008; Falsey et al ., 2009; Klein et al ., 2010c, 2012; Talaat et al ., 2010; Khurana et al ., 2012; Furman et al ., 2014), pneumococcal polysaccharide (Sankilampi et al ., 1996; Wagner et al ., 2003; Brandao et al ., 2004; Cook et al ., 2007; Goldblatt et al ., 2009; Soneji & Metlay, 2011; Wiemken et al ., 2014), hepatitis A and B (reviewed in Cook, 2008; Klein et al ., 2010a), tetanus (Marvell & Parish, 1940), diphtheria (Hasselhorn et al ., 1997), measles (Green et al ., 1994), meningococcal (Edwards et al ., 2008; Krasnicka, 2010), yellow fever (Monath et al ., 2002; Pfister et al ., 2005; Veit et al ., 2009), rabies (Briggs et al ., 2000; Banga et al ., 2014), smallpox (Kennedy et al ., 2009), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Pittman et al ., 1996), brucella (Rhodes et al ., 1969), and HSV2 vaccine (Corey et al ., 1999; Stanberry et al ., 2002). Yet distinct documentation on sex-specific responses in probands of advanced age is extremely scarce.…”

Section: Vaccine Efficacy In Men and Women: Is The Sex Bias Maintainementioning

confidence: 99%

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

et al. 2015

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Do men die young and sick, or do women live long and healthy? By trying to explain the sexual dimorphism in life expectancy, both biological and environmental aspects are presently being addressed. Besides age-related changes, both the immune and the endocrine system exhibit significant sex-specific differences. This review deals with the aging immune system and its interplay with sex steroid hormones. Together, they impact on the etiopathology of many infectious diseases, which are still the major causes of morbidity and mortality in people at old age. Among men, susceptibilities toward many infectious diseases and the corresponding mortality rates are higher. Responses to various types of vaccination are often higher among women thereby also mounting stronger humoral responses. Women appear immune-privileged. The major sex steroid hormones exhibit opposing effects on cells of both the adaptive and the innate immune system: estradiol being mainly enhancing, testosterone by and large suppressive. However, levels of sex hormones change with age. At menopause transition, dropping estradiol potentially enhances immunosenescence effects posing postmenopausal women at additional, yet specific risks. Conclusively during aging, interventions, which distinctively consider the changing level of individual hormones, shall provide potent options in maintaining optimal immune functions.

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“…With intervals of 15 days, 3 weeks, and 1 month, the antibody titers were 1 to 10 units, 10 to 20 units, and 100 units. Boyd (11), Marveil and Parish (12), and Peshkin (13) reported that an interval of several months resulted in greater antibody fiters than an interval of 1 month.…”

Section: (From the Department Of Bacteriology And Immunology Harvardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Antibody Production

Fecsik

Butler

Coons

1964

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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The differences in the antibody response between an initial and a second dose of antigen were recognized by Solomansen and Madsen in 1896 (1). In 1921, Gleuny and Siidmerson (2) published a classical monograph restating them in detail. Antibody in the blood serum following the second stimulus appears sooner, its concentration rises higher, and it persists longer than after the first. I t has long been part of the lore of the immunological laboratory that good secondary antibody responses are dependent on a delay between the injections, but until recently no systematic studies of this phenomenon have been made. The present experiments were carried out to discover what changes in the height of the secondary response would be brought about by systematically lengthening the interval between the two stimuli.A number of reports of limited observations have been published. Gleuny and S~dmerson (2) injected two doses (one L0 unit each) of diphtheria toxin into each of two groups of guinea pigs at an interval of 7 days or of several months. The former group formed 0.1 unit of antitoxin/ml of serum, the latter 1.0 unit. According to Glenny (3) "If the interval is long enough to allow potential immunity to develop, then the second injection acts as a secondary stimulus, and a rapid production of antitoxin follows." In 1941 Schiitze (4) reported on the optimal spacing of injections of bacterial vaccines. He gave two groups of mice two injections each of Salmonella typki murium, spaced either 1 or 4 weeks apart. One week after the second injection, the geometric means of the O-agglutinin titers were 2.81 and 4.6, respectively. He concluded that a significantly higher titer resulted from the 4 week interval. However, there was no difference in the resistance of the mice to challenge by living S. typhi murium. In a study reported by Barr and Glenny (5), 0.25 Lf of alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid

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Tetanus Prophylaxis and Circulating Antitoxin in Men and Women

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination

Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

Studies on Antibody Production

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