Tetanus seroprotection in people living with HIV: Risk factors for seronegativity, evaluation of medical history and a rapid dipstick test

Abstract

Objectives: Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease. Booster immunization is required in order to induce long-lived tetanus-toxoid (TT) specific antibody response. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of TT seronegativity in a cohort of people living with HIV (PWH) in Belgium along with the respective performance of vaccine history and a rapid dipstick test (Tetanus Quick Stick Ò or TQS) compared to ELISA testing. Methods: PWH were prospectively enrolled and answered a questionnaire. ELISA was performed on serum or plasma using a commercial kit. A TT antibody level ! 0.15 IU / mL was considered protective. The TQS test was performed on a limited number of subjects. Results: Three-hundred forty-four subjects were included. The prevalence of tetanus seroprotection was 84,9%. Median age was 46.7 and 68% were born outside Belgium. Antiretroviral therapy coverage was almost universal (98.5%). After multivariable analysis, two risk factors were independently associated with TT seronegativity: an education level equivalent or below than secondary school and being born outside Europe. Vaccine history was shown to be unreliable (sensitivity: 43.8%; specificity: 76.5%; positive predictive value: 91.4% and negative predictive value :19.3%). The correlation between vaccine history and tetanus seroprotection was low (kappa coefficient = 0.09). The TQS performances were good (sensitivity 86.4%, specificity 96.0%, positive predictive value 99.3%, negative predictive value 52.17%). The correlation between TQS and tetanus seroprotection was substantial (kappa coefficient = 0.61). Conclusions: In this cohort of PWH with a high proportion of migrants, socio-demographic and educational factors were associated with TT seronegativity while HIV-related factors were not, indicating that vaccine information should be tailored to cultural and educational background. As vaccine history is not reliable, TQS could represent an efficient tool for screening of TT-seronegativity.

Do people living with HIV travel safely? Assessment of travel patterns and advice‐seeking behaviour in a cohort of people living with HIV in Belgium

“…They are more likely to travel for longer periods of time, into remote destinations and to make multiple return visits [7]. Moreover, several studies highlighted that VFR travellers such as migrants and refugees have lower immunization rates compared with European-born individuals [9,10], partly due to low vaccination coverage in the country of origin but also to limited access to vaccination in Europe. All these factors contribute to a higher risk of infection among VFR travellers [8].…”