Tetraclinis articulata (vahl) masters: An insight into its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, toxicity, biocide and therapeutic merits

Abstract

Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters, commonly known as Sandarac tree and Araâr, is the only species representing the genus Tetraclinis Masters. The plant has been extensively used for medicinal, artistic, and ritual purposes since its first recorded use in 1800 B.C. Recently, a full range of ethnobotanical investigations has been undertaken to document the plant’s empirical knowledge. They reported the use of different parts, such as leaves, stems, cones, bark, and roots, as part of folk healing practices to manage diabetes mellitus, hypertension, fever, stomach disorders, and diarrhea, among others. The phytochemical studies have identified at least 130 compounds from leaves, cones, resin, bark, and woods. These chemical constituents are categorized into phenolic acids, flavonoids and their derivatives, volatile compounds, phytosterols, and fatty acids, among others. Furthermore, they have strongly been correlated with the promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiurolithiatic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic properties of the plant. Toxicological studies argued that the plant is quite safe and devoid of eventual toxicity; however, in-depth investigations are required to validate the safety of the plant. The remarkable antimicrobial and antioxidant potencies of various extracts from the plant against a wide range of foodborne pathogens support their possible use to increase the shelf life of foodstuffs in the food industry. Likewise, various plant-based extracts have been proven to exert substantial biocidal properties, making them potential alternatives to synthetic pesticides in agriculture. The present review provides an up-to-date comprehensive insight about the ethnobotanical uses of T. articulata, along with its phytochemistry and biological activities to furnish directions for further studies. We also discussed the biocidal potency of the plant and highlighted its usage to extend the shelf life of perishable foods.

Quantitative and Qualitative Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used in Oulmes Region, Morocco for the Treatment of Diseases and Infections

“…Masters used in the treatment of nervous, respiratory, dermatology, digestive ailments. Indeed, these results are consistent with Khatib et al 50 work which found that stomach pain, respiratory and intestinal infections, diabetes and hypertension were the most frequently treated diseases by Tetraclinis tree. in this sense, the work of Rached et al 51 evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract of T. articulata leaves on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)induced nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages.…”

“…People aged 40-49 years have the highest frequency of use of medicinal plants with a percentage of 44,33%. The age groups [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59], [<30], and [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] come next with a percentage of 21,65%, 14,43%, and 12,37%, respectively, while the age group not well represented is the respondents over 60 years old (7,22%) (Table 1). These results show that the distribution of ethnomedical know-how is clearly visible across the different age groups, including those under 30 years of age, which attests to the persistence of natural and traditional treatments and the durability of knowledge transmission from one generation to the next 31 .…”

“…Aqueous extract in vitro test on the formation and inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate using polarized light microscopy, show that the extract prevented urinary stones growth, with the highest inhibitory effects. 50 In addition, several in vivo studies proved that the plant's essential oil (EO) could be a natural neuroprotective agent against the effects of Aβ1-42 induced neurotoxicity. 52,53 Phytochemicals identified, by in vitro methods, from the crude aqueous extract of T. articulata and its fractions, namely, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, have been reported to have excellent efficacy as antioxidants.…”

Tanacetum species: Bridging empirical knowledge, phytochemistry, nutritional value, health benefits and clinical evidence

“…Moreover, most of these studies have tended to use disc diffusion assay, which is unreliable for measuring antimicrobial activity since the compounds’ polarity impact how effectively they diffuse into the polar agar medium and consequently alter the inhibition zone size. In contrast, agar dilution and broth microdilution methods enable precise quantitative conclusions by determining MIC values for antimicrobials ( Khatib et al, 2022b ). Therefore, they are highly recommended in future studies for regular antimicrobial susceptibility testing.…”

“…Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) refers to a complex multifaceted system of beliefs, skills, techniques, and practices used to prevent, treat, and promote the health of husbandry livestock and other income-generating animals ( McGaw and Eloff, 2008 ; McGaw and Abdalla, 2020 ). Even though these practices have steadily been handed down across generations, a myriad of ethnoveterinary surveys stated that the know-how pertaining to livestock healthcare is mainly retained by elderly people ( Bartha et al, 2015 ; Jamil Ahmed and Murtaza, 2015 ; Eiki et al, 2021 ; Güler et al, 2021 ; Khatib et al, 2022b ). Thereby, this ancestral medical wealth may be doomed to disappear with the death of their practitioners.…”