Tetrazoles: calcium oxalate crystal growth modifiers

Abstract

Metabolically stable tetrazole molecules are shown to impact calcium oxalate crystallization, thus tetrazoles can be used in investigating biological crystallization processes.

Calcium oxalate crystal growth modification; investigations with confocal Raman microscopy

“…As has been previously reported 15 , tetrazoles have been found to change the morphology of COM crystals but seemingly through different mechanisms of interaction than their carboxylic acid equivalent counter-parts. This manuscript looks at understanding the interactions with similarly sized molecules as shown in Figure 1, with emphasis on the adsorption of the molecules to the crystal.…”

“…Recently researchers have been utilising the bioisostere nature of carboxylic acids and tetrazoles [9][10][11][12][13] to investigate the effect the tetrazole moiety has in medicine, and more recently in the field of crystal growth modification. Before our group started investigating tetrazoles as modifiers, they had not been used as crystal growth modifiers; now crystal systems have been investigated including, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate 14 , and calcium oxalate 15 , all of which were discovered to be inhibited by the presence of tetrazoles during crystallisation. The tetrazole species used in this study are shown in Figure 1.…”

Versatility of Terpyridine‐Functionalised Aryl Tetrazoles: Photophysical Properties, Ratiometric Sensing of Zinc Cations and Sensitisation of Lanthanide Luminescence

“…As a functional group, tetrazoles have found widespread use in the design of molecular species for diverse applications, including medicinal chemistry, coordination polymers, crystal growth inhibition and luminescent materials . Tetrazoles are five‐membered aromatic heterocycles possessing four adjacent N atoms.…”

Calcium oxalate crystallization in synthetic urinary medium: the impact of resorcinares and calixarenes

“…7 Incorporation of the additive is also possible, where the additive is internal to the crystal resulting in an altering in the crystal's behaviour and growth. There has already been some research into the use of crystal growth modifiers for the control of the formation of kidney stones, 8–21 although many of the studies investigate the impact in simple solutions unrelated to real life conditions.…”