Tetrodotoxin Detection in Japanese Bivalves: Toxification Status of Scallops

Yasukawa, Shino; Shirai, Kyoko; Namigata, Kaho; Ito, M.; Tsubaki, Mei; Oyama, Hikaru; Fujita, Yukino; Okabe, Taiki; Suo, Rei; Ogiso, Satoshi; Watabe, Yukina; Matsubara, Hajime; Suzuki, Nobuo; Hirayama, Makoto; Sugita, Haruo; Itoi, Shiro

doi:10.1007/s10126-023-10199-3

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 41 publications

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“…It has been also shown that grass puffer Takifugu alboplumbeus ingested TTX by feeding on the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata throughout its life history (Itoi et al 2018 ; Okabe et al 2019 ), and that juveniles of milk-spotted puffer Chelonodon patoca and toxic goby Yongeichthys criniger ingested TTX by feeding on larvae of P. multitentaculata or related species (Itoi et al 2020a ; Ito et al 2022 ). Furthermore, planocerid flatworm larvae have been reported to be involved in the toxification of bivalves with TTX (Okabe et al 2021 ), which has become a worldwide problem in recent years (EFSA Contam Panel et al 2017 ; Biessy et al 2019 ; Antonelli et al 2022 ; Yasukawa et al 2023 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Ueda,

Ito,

Yonezawa

et al. 2024

Mar Biotechnol

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX), known as pufferfish toxin, is a potent neurotoxin blocking sodium channels in muscle and nerve tissues. TTX has been detected in various taxa other than pufferfish, including marine polyclad flatworms, suggesting that pufferfish toxin accumulates in fish bodies via food webs. The composition of TTX and its analogs in the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata was identical to those in wild grass puffer Takifugu alboplumbeus. Previously, Planocera sp. from Okinawa Island, Japan, were reported to possess high level of TTX, but no information was available on TTX analogs in this species. Here we identified TTX and analogs in the planocerid flatworm using high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and compared the composition of TTX and analogs with those of another toxic and non-toxic planocerid species. We show that the composition of TTX and several analogs, such as 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, dideoxyTTXs, deoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, of Planocera sp. was identical to those of toxic species, but not to its non-toxic counterpart. The difference in the toxin composition was reflected in the phylogenetic relationship based on the mitochondrial genome sequence. A toxification experiment using predatory fish and egg plates of P. multitentaculata demonstrated that the composition of TTX and analogs in wild T. alboplumbeus juveniles was reproduced in artificially toxified pufferfish. Additionally, feeding on the flatworm egg plates enhanced the signal intensities of all TTX compounds in Chelonodon patoca and that of deoxyTTXs in Yongeichthys criniger.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Ueda,

Ito,

Yonezawa

et al. 2024

Mar Biotechnol

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Distribution of tetrodotoxin and its analogs in the toxic flatworm Planocera multitentaculata from Honshu Island, Japan

Suo,

Tanaka,

Asano

et al. 2024

Fish Sci

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX), one of the most potent naturally occurring neurotoxins, has been detected in both marine and terrestrial organisms. The marine polyclad flatworm Planocera multitentaculata is known to contain high levels of TTX throughout its life cycle, including in the egg and larval stages. We recently reported that P. multitentaculata from the coastal area of Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan, possesses TTX analogs including 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, monodeoxyTTXs, dideoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol. It is not known whether all P. multitentaculata occurring in the Japanese archipelago possess major TTX analogs, or whether regional variations in TTX profile exist. In this study, we used high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to investigate the content profile of TTX and its analogs in P. multitentaculata collected from several regions of the Japanese coast. We detected TTX and its major analogs 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, dideoxyTTXs, monodeoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol in all specimens regardless of the sampling site. In addition, their relative proportions showed a similar pattern. These results suggest that the flatworm may have mechanisms involved in maintaining the proportions of TTX and its analogs in the body. How the toxic flatworms acquire the highly concentrated toxins and maintain the proportions of TTXs is therefore of great interest and further investigation.

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Geographical differences in the composition of tetrodotoxin and 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin in Japanese pufferfishes and their origins

et al. 2023

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Tetrodotoxin Detection in Japanese Bivalves: Toxification Status of Scallops

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Distribution of tetrodotoxin and its analogs in the toxic flatworm Planocera multitentaculata from Honshu Island, Japan

Geographical differences in the composition of tetrodotoxin and 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin in Japanese pufferfishes and their origins

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