“…[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Owing to their propagation characteristics, surface acoustic waves, especially when acoustic energy is incident onto the interface at some critical angles, 10 are very sensitive to discontinuities and changes of material properties at or near the surface and have been widely used for stress and texture measurement, [11][12][13][14][15] surface flaw ͑micro-cracks or inclusions͒ detection, 17,18 and interface characterization. 19 Surface wave techniques have many advantages compared to bulk wave measurements and can be used either to characterize structural materials directly or as an adjunct to bulk wave measurements.…”