TGA-FTIR and char residue analysis: studying the synergistic flame retardancy mechanism of ionic liquid-modified graphene and hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene

Chen, Yiyang; Wu, Weihong; Zhang, Man; Cui, Yumeng; Zhang, Kailun; Qu, Hongqiang

doi:10.1007/s10973-022-11615-x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It can be seen that there is a predominance of synthetic polymers as preferred polymer matrices over natural polymers. The usage of synthetic polymers is evident through examples like bismaleimide resin [15], epoxy resin [2,8,[16][17][18][19], high-density polyethylene [20], polyamide-6 [13], poly(methyl methacrylate) [21], polyurethane [6,9,11,22,23], poly(vinyl alcohol) [24,25], and unsaturated polyester resin [26,27]. These polymers, prized for their versatility and tailored properties, seem to dominate composite fabrication.…”

Section: Polymer Matrices Of Polymer Hybrid Composites With Added Ion...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When these specific properties are needed, researchers are more likely to choose imidazolium-based ionic liquids over phosphonium-based ones. In addition, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate has been used in multiple studies [9,15,[17][18][19]26,27,29], indicating its prevalence in research related to polymer hybrid composites. This ionic liquid likely contributes specific attributes such as hydrophobicity or thermal stability, suggesting its versatility and unique roles in enhancing polymer hybrid composite properties.…”

Section: Addition Of Various Ionic Liquids Into Polymer Hybrid Compos...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Hybrid Composites and Hybrid Polymer Composites: Influence of Ionic Liquid Addition

Shamsuri,

Md. Jamil,

Yusoff

et al. 2023

Applied Mechanics

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Polymer hybrid composites and hybrid polymer composites are distinct but interconnected composite classes, each with unique compositions and design philosophies. The mechanical properties of these composites are vital in advanced materials due to their impacts on performance, durability, and suitability for various applications. The addition of ionic liquids into these composites is a promising innovation in advanced materials. In this short review, various polymer matrices (e.g., thermosets, thermoplastics, and biopolymers), fillers (e.g., inorganic, carbon, organic, and metal), and ionic liquids (e.g., imidazolium- and phosphonium-based) used to fabricate polymer hybrid composites and hybrid polymer composites with added ionic liquids are identified. Furthermore, the addition of ionic liquids into these composites through different methods (e.g., magnetic stirring, mechanical stirring, solid grinding, etc.) is discussed. The influence of ionic liquid addition on the mechanical properties, specifically the tensile properties of these composites, is also shortly reviewed. The changes in the tensile properties, such as the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break, of these composites are explained as well. The information presented in this review enhances the understanding of the methods applied to add ionic liquids into polymer hybrid composites and hybrid polymer composites, along with their tensile properties. In short, some ionic liquids have the capacity to enhance the tensile properties of hybrid polymer composites, and several ionic liquids can reduce the tensile properties of polymer hybrid composites.

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Section: Polymer Matrices Of Polymer Hybrid Composites With Added Ion...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Addition Of Various Ionic Liquids Into Polymer Hybrid Compos...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Hybrid Composites and Hybrid Polymer Composites: Influence of Ionic Liquid Addition

Shamsuri,

Md. Jamil,

Yusoff

et al. 2023

Applied Mechanics

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“…Silicon-based flame retardants (e.g., borosilicates) are preferred to reduce flammability and suppress smoke, which is extremely beneficial in the case of epoxy resins [6]. These flame retardants are widely regarded as environmentally friendly and can be combined with each other: (i) synergy between silicon and phosphorus compounds, (ii) synergy between phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, and (iii) synergy of organophosphorus compounds with inorganic filler (metal oxides and hydroxides) [6,[16][17][18]. Admittedly, inorganic fillers such as magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide can impart flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin, but to meet the flame-retardancy criterion they need to be used in high concentrations, which deteriorates the mechanical properties of the final material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on flame retardants in recent years has focused on the search for new compounds with effective action and has largely consisted of organic synthesis of substances based on previously known flame retardants (structural improvements of substances, new derivatives) or synthesis of completely new molecules. The mechanism of flame retardancy is, in general, a set of physicochemical reactions and processes that can occur in the gaseous (flame) or condensed (plastic, decomposition products) phase [12,18]. Predicting and designing the mechanisms of flame retardancy is a difficult task [42], and studies show that even compounds containing the same amount of phosphorus, with very similar spatial structures, can flame retard the material in different ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Predicting and designing the mechanisms of flame retardancy is a difficult task [42], and studies show that even compounds containing the same amount of phosphorus, with very similar spatial structures, can flame retard the material in different ways. This is due to dependencies in the molecule such as (i) susceptibility to esterification reactions (hydroxyl groups, acid groups) or (ii) the ability of the flame retardant to migrate inside the resin network [18]. Typically, a flame retardant can simultaneously act in both the gaseous and condensed phases but maintain a preference for one or the other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctional Modifying Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Epoxy Resin Systems and Composites

Zielinski,

Szpecht,

Pomázi

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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The continuous development of the industry of composite materials and epoxy resins requires the development of components that modify these systems. It is extremely beneficial to modify functionality by using one or two substances instead of modifying only one system parameter. Typically, this end-use will determine the key parameters of the resin system that should be modified and the modification systems designed as such. In this study, we introduce novel systems utilizing ionic liquids, strategically designed to concurrently alter multiple system parameters, including: (i) flexibility, (ii) crosslinking density, and (iii) fire resistance. The following techniques were used in the research: (i) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), (ii) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), (iii) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and (iv) fire performance tests (UL-94, Limiting Oxygen Index and Mass loss type cone calorimetry (MLC)) to show as much dependence of material parameters on the type of modifying additive as possible. Both the cured resin and the curing process as well as a single-layer composite reinforced with carbon fiber were tested. The results show that properly designed ionic liquids are able to perform many functions in the composite material and simultaneously affect several parameters, both by lowering and increasing them. In addition, they can exhibit activity in the field of flame-retardant composites.

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Toward a green economy: Lignin-based hybrid materials as functional additives in flame-retardant polymer coatings

Goliszek,

Podkościelna,

Rybiński

et al. 2024

J Polym Res

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This study describes the combination of unique properties of lignin with TiO2 as an innovative and effective preparation method for high-performance flame-retardant additives that may be utilized as polymer coatings. The use of lignin resulted in numerous advantages including an increased number of functional groups, satisfactory biocompatibility, low toxicity, and high carbon content. The major benefit of lignin is associated with the reduced carbon footprint of the manufactured product. Lignin can be classified as a natural flame-retardant agent owing to the high amount of char formed during combustion. In turn, TiO2 exhibits high chemical stability and low operating costs and is considered a non-toxic and environmentally friendly material. During the experiments, commercial TiO2 in anatase crystallographic form, TiO2 synthesized from titanyl sulfate hydrate, and kraft lignin as well as organic–inorganic hybrid materials composed of these materials were evaluated as functional additives in epoxy-resin-based polymer coatings (Epidian 601) and their properties were investigated in detail. The cone colorimetry test confirmed that the obtained hybrids are effective flame-retardant additives for polymer coatings, with a notable fire hazard reduction observed for samples containing a synergistic system of titanium oxide and lignin. The coating with lignin was the most effective in fire suppression processes. The conducted thermal and mechanical investigations confirmed good performance properties of the coatings indicating thermal resistance up to 360 °C and Shore D hardness in a range of 80.36–86.28°Sh, accordingly. Optical profilometry investigations show that the lignin/TiO2 hybrids exhibit a stable topological surface shape as well as good dispersion and uniformity in the polymer matrix. All the conducted tests allowed confirmation that the presence of functional additives in polymer coatings in the form of lignin and TiO2 can be a promising alternative to non-biodegradable synthetic materials which improve flame-retardant properties.

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TGA-FTIR and char residue analysis: studying the synergistic flame retardancy mechanism of ionic liquid-modified graphene and hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Methods and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Hybrid Composites and Hybrid Polymer Composites: Influence of Ionic Liquid Addition

Methods and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Hybrid Composites and Hybrid Polymer Composites: Influence of Ionic Liquid Addition

Multifunctional Modifying Systems Based on Ionic Liquids for Epoxy Resin Systems and Composites

Toward a green economy: Lignin-based hybrid materials as functional additives in flame-retardant polymer coatings

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