Thallium pollution in China and removal technologies for waters: A review

Liu, Juan; Luo, Xuwen; Sun, Yuqing; Tsang, Daniel C.W.; Qi, Jianying; Zhang, Weilong; Li, Nuo; Yin, Meiling; Wang, Jin; Lippold, Holger; Chen, Yongheng; Sheng, Guodong

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.076

Cited by 206 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…These results meet the national wastewater emission standards and some strictest provincial standards in China, respectively. They are also comparable with the maximum permissible Tl concentration for drinking water suggested by USEPA [50].…”

Section: Effect Of Initial Phsupporting

confidence: 85%

Removal of Trace Thallium from Industrial Wastewater by Fe0-Electrocoagulation

Yang

et al. 2020

Water

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As thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal, there are compulsory environmental regulations in many countries on minimizing its release. This research investigated the treatment of real industrial wastewater with low Tl(I) concentration by Fe0-electrocoagulation (Fe0-EC) in a batch aeration-forced pump cycle reactor. The effects of pH (7–12), current density (8.3–33.3 mA/cm2), dissolved oxygen (DO) in wastewater, and initial Tl(I) concentration (66–165 µg/L) on Tl(I) removal efficiency were investigated. The removal efficiency of Tl(I) is pH-dependent, to be exact, it increases significantly with pH rising from 8 to 11. Initial pH of influent and DO concentration were the key operation parameters which strongly affect Tl(I) removal. After the water sample with initial Tl(I) concentration of 115 µg/L was treated for 12 min by a single-step process at pH of 11 and current density of 16.7 mA/cm2, the residual Tl(I) concentration was decreased to beneath the emission limit in China (2 µg/L) with a low energy consumption of 0.82 kWh/m3. By prolonging the operation time, the concentration was further reduced to 0.5 µg/L or even lower. The main composition of the flocculent sludges is iron oxyhydroxide, yet its crystal structure varies dependent on pH value which may result in different Tl(I) removal efficiency. Feroxyhyte nanosheets generate in situ by Fe0-EC, which contributes to the rapid and effective removal of Tl(I), while the speedy oxidation under DO-enriched conditions benefits the feroxyhyte formation. The mechanism of Tl(I) removal by Fe0-EC is attributed to the combination of electrostatic attraction and the formation of inner-sphere complexes. As shown in the technical and mechanical studies, Fe0-EC technology is an effective method for low Tl concentration removal from wastewater.

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Section: Effect Of Initial Phsupporting

confidence: 85%

Removal of Trace Thallium from Industrial Wastewater by Fe0-Electrocoagulation

Yang

et al. 2020

Water

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“…[14][15][16] Countries such as the United States of America or China that rely heavily on coal industries as a source of energy are directly affected by thallium pollution, but many others are facing thallium pollution from mining activities, for example. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Different solutions have been proposed to extract Tl(I) from soil and groundwater. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Among them, macrocyclic compounds with a good affinity for Tl(I) are assumed to be promising host derivatives for removing traces of Tl(I) in soil water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Capture of Thallium and Cesium by a Cryptophane Soluble at Neutral pH

Berthault¹,

Pitrat

Mulatier

2020

J. Org. Chem.

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“…Tl(I) accounts for the majority of Tl, while Tl(III) exists in only strongly oxidizing or strongly acidic conditions. [5][6][7][8] Moreover, the toxicity of Tl(III) is much higher than that of Tl(I). 9,10 The US EPA regulates that the Tl content in drinking water must be less than 2 mg L À1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%