The 1993 Epidemic of Pertussis in Cincinnati -- Resurgence of Disease in a Highly Immunized Population of Children

Abstract

Since the 1993 pertussis epidemic in Cincinnati occurred primarily among children who had been appropriately immunized, it is clear that the whole-cell pertussis vaccine failed to give full protection against the disease.

Transition State Structure for the Hydrolysis of NAD+Catalyzed by Diphtheria Toxin

“…Hexokinase, myokinase, and glucose 6-phosphatase were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO); [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] C]ATP was from Amersham Life Sciences (Arlington Heights, IL). Except for 18 O-labeled NAD + , isotopically labeled NAD + 's were synthesized as in Rising and Schramm.…”

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] O]glucose was purified by sequential phosphorylation with hexokinase, anion-exchange chromatography, dephosphorylation with glucose 6-phosphatase, and repurification under the same conditions. Hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphatase were dialyzed against 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) before use to remove unlabeled glucose.…”

“…Hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphatase were dialyzed against 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) before use to remove unlabeled glucose. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] O]Glucose (55 μmol in 2 mL) was phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate with 2 u of hexokinase, 60 mM ATP, and 60 mM MgCl 2 in 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was reduced to approximately half-volume under vacuum, applied to a 10 mL column of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 which had been equilibrated with H 2 O, then washed with 10 × 1 mL of H 2 O.…”

“…The reaction mixture was reduced to approximately half-volume under vacuum, applied to a 10 mL column of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 which had been equilibrated with H 2 O, then washed with 10 × 1 mL of H 2 O. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] O]Glucose 6-phosphate was eluted with 10 × 1 mL of 1 M NH 4 OAc. The fractions containing product were identified using the reducing sugar assay, 33 pooled, frozen, and lyophilized twice.…”

“…The [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] O]glucose 6-phosphate was dephosphorlyated with 0.1 u of glucose 6-phosphatase in 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) for 2 h at room temperature. Anion exchange chromatography was performed as above, with [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] 14 C]NAD +34 were synthesized as described previously, 31 with several modifications. The synthesis of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD + ) was done in two steps to allow incorporation of the 14 C-label from [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] C]ATP.…”