The 2‐Propanol Fuel Cell: A Review from the Perspective of a Hydrogen Energy Economy

Brodt, Matthew; Müller, Karsten; Kerres, Jochen; Katsounaros, Ioannis; Mayrhofer, Karl Johann Jakob; Preuster, Patrick; Wasserscheid, Peter; Thiele, Simon

doi:10.1002/ente.202100164

Cited by 38 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…In the literature, a 2 m aqueous solution is recommended as higher 2‐propanol concentrations lead to damage of the MEA with current membrane material. [ 3 ] In heat exchanger 1, the 2‐propanol‐water solution is heated but not evaporated. The heat can be recovered from the exhaust gas stream or the cooling system that transfers the waste heat from the fuel cell.…”

Section: Results and Discussion Of Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 2 ] Instead, it has been found that secondary alcohols, such as 2‐propanol, are attractive fuels for direct electrification. [ 3 ] Most interestingly, the dehydrogenation of 2‐propanol in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell setup stops at acetone and no CO 2 is formed. [ 4 ] The resulting acetone can be recharged with hydrogen via catalytic hydrogenation [ 5 ] or transfer hydrogenation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetics of Technical Integration of 2‐Propanol Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic and Current and Future Technical Feasibility

et al. 2022

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Due to the increasing importance of hydrogen as an energy carrier in the transition to fully renewable energy systems, alternative technologies to the expensive storage and transportation of pure elemental hydrogen are required. The liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) technology represents a promising method for the chemical storage of hydrogen and can make use of the existing energy infrastructure for liquid fuels. Hydrogen storage in the LOHC system proceeds via the reversible hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of organic molecules in repeatedly applied storage cycles without emitting CO 2 . [1] One prominent LOHC system is based on the dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT)/perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT) couple: H0-DBT acts as a hydrogenlean carrier. In an exothermic catalytic hydrogenation step, H0-DBT is loaded with hydrogen and forms the hydrogen-rich carrier H18-DBT. This compound can release hydrogen in an endothermic catalytic dehydrogenation reaction. The released hydrogen can then be used directly in a fuel cell. The major advantages of the LOHC technology are hydrogen storage and transport in a liquid state with very high volumetric and comparatively high gravimetric energy densities under ambient conditions.In general, it would be advantageous to combine the dehydrogenation and the fuel cell reaction in a single process step, i.e., to use the hydrogen-rich LOHC compound directly as fuel for a fuel cell. However, direct electrification of H18-DBT in fuel cells, has not been realized at an attractive performance level so far. [2] Instead, it has been found that secondary alcohols, such as 2-propanol, are attractive fuels for direct electrification. [3] Most interestingly, the dehydrogenation of 2-propanol in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell setup stops at acetone and no CO 2 is formed. [4] The resulting acetone can be recharged with hydrogen via catalytic hydrogenation [5] or transfer hydrogenation. [6] Sievi et al. demonstrated that transfer hydrogenation from H18-DBT to 2-propanol can be highly energy efficient (>50%). The hydrogen-rich H18-DBT releases hydrogen in contact with acetone, producing 2-propanol and the hydrogen-lean H0-DBT. By feeding the fuel cell with 2-propanol, acetone is formed, which in turn can be converted back into 2-propanol

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Section: Results and Discussion Of Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetics of Technical Integration of 2‐Propanol Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic and Current and Future Technical Feasibility

et al. 2022

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“…[ 49,63 ] In addition, the use of isopropanol produces acetone without other byproducts; however, the research on direct i‐ PrOH fuel cell (DIFC) is still at its earlier stage and require much efforts in the improvement of devices architectures. [ 63a ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only recently, the employment of isopropanol as hydrogen energy carrier has attracting increasing interest avoiding the energy costs issues related to the dehydrogenation pathway of other LOHCs (i.e., perhydro dibenzyltoluene). [ 49,63 ] In addition, the use of isopropanol produces acetone without other byproducts; however, the research on direct i‐ PrOH fuel cell (DIFC) is still at its earlier stage and require much efforts in the improvement of devices architectures. [ 63a ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs) as H‐Source for Bio‐Derived Fuels and Additives Production

Valentini

Marrocchi

Vaccaro

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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consumption combined with a resource efficient circular economy approach, with the final goal of minimizing the impact of health, safety, security and environment.In the design of a greener future, the replacement of depleting sources with renewable ones is at the center of a sustainable development. [2] Biomass is a natural, abundant, renewable, carbon-neutral source; its use represents a promising strategy to address the need for substituting fossil feedstock in the preparation of chemicals, fuels, and materials, besides energy production. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The major issues that limit the large-scale utilization of biomass in fuel production are the differences in cost and process efficiencies compared to those for fossil fuels. [15] After the Covid-19 crisis, this aspect has become even more evident, as reported by the International Agency of Energy, ultimately causing the first contraction in biofuel production over the past two decades. [16] The reduced transport fuel demand and the decreased petroleum-based fuel prices have transitorily lowered the economic interest for biofuel production. In this pandemic and emergency scenario, therefore, has emerged even more clearly the importance of developing efficient strategies for biomass conversion into fuels, making economically attractive the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy systems (Figure 1). [17] Among the plethora of biomass transformations, hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation reactions are widely used for decreasing the oxygen content of biomass-derived platforms to increase their potential as fuels. [18][19][20] In this context, as well as in the challenging goal of creating a decarbonized energy system, hydrogen plays a prominent role in the chemical industry. [21][22][23][24] It is important to notice that the vast majority of the worldwide hydrogen production (45-65 Mt/year) features a significant CO 2 footprint as a consequence of different hydrocarbon reforming processes (i.e., steam-reforming of fossil fuels, thermal cracking of natural gas, solar-thermal reforming of methane) or of coal gasification. [25] Several efforts have been directed during the past years toward the definition of possible effective approaches to a green H 2 production by water splitting. [26][27][28][29][30][31] To date, however, both water electrolysis and photo-driven water splitting are economically and energetically unfavorable, with a long way ahead to hold the promise of a zero-carbon energy system. Indeed, the associated energy demand as well as the low market prices of oxygen, inevitably co-produced from water electrolysis, hinder the shaping of a large-scale employment of this technology.Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are attractive materials for their ability to generate in situ hydrogen that may be directly used to produce target biofuel precursors, fuels or fuel additives. Indeed, the replacement of fossil feedstock is an urgent necessity for shifting toward a carbon neutral energy economy. Several desired chemica...

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The Electrochemical Acetone/Isopropanol Hydrogenation Cycle – An Alternative to Current Hydrogen Storage Solutions

Venus,

Marth,

Riess

et al. 2024

Advanced Energy Materials

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Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems offer a promising way to store hydrogen using the existing infrastructure for liquid fuels. While LOHC hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes have so far mainly been investigated using thermocatalytic processes, this work explores the concept of a low‐temperature (<80 °C) electrochemical acetone/isopropanol LOHC cycle and indicates its potential benefits for a future hydrogen economy. This electrochemical liquid organic hydrogen carrier (EC‐LOHC) system builds on low‐cost chemicals with low ecotoxicology. In this study, the influence of temperature and fuel concentrations on the polarization curves of the electrochemical hydrogenation and dehydrogenation units in a small, single‐cell set‐up is investigated using proton exchange membrane fuel cell components. Based on the experimental results, efficiencies are determined for a power‐to‐power cycle that can be competitive to mature hydrogen storage technologies, such as liquid and compressed hydrogen storage. Finally, material‐related challenges are discussed, encouraging future research in this new field of hydrogen storage.

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The 2‐Propanol Fuel Cell: A Review from the Perspective of a Hydrogen Energy Economy

Cited by 38 publications

References 87 publications

Energetics of Technical Integration of 2‐Propanol Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic and Current and Future Technical Feasibility

Energetics of Technical Integration of 2‐Propanol Fuel Cells: Thermodynamic and Current and Future Technical Feasibility

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs) as H‐Source for Bio‐Derived Fuels and Additives Production

The Electrochemical Acetone/Isopropanol Hydrogenation Cycle – An Alternative to Current Hydrogen Storage Solutions

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