The 20-minute city: An equity analysis of Liverpool City Region

Calafiore, Alessia; Dunning, Richard; Nurse, Alexander; Singleton, Alex

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2021.103111

Cited by 91 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The guiding focus within the first group has boiled down to the question for whom short travel distances are available. Perspectives to this question have included explorations of socio-economic and spatial disparities in walking and cycling access (Calafiore et al, 2022;Elldér et al, 2018;Rosas-Satizábal et al, 2020;Smith et al, 2020;Willberg et al, 2023) and their effects on gentrification and housing prices (Yang et al, 2018), and travel frequencies (Lucas et al, 2018). From another angle, accessibility studies have examined patterns of car dependency by identifying areas in which car is the only viable transport option (Carroll et al, 2021;J.…”

Section: Efforts For Socially and Environmentally Integrative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring just accessibility within planetary boundaries

Willberg¹,

Tenkanen²,

Miller³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Our societies are wrestling with the problem of how to provide a good life for all without overconsuming environmental resources. Consequently, the search for approaches that simultaneously inspect the environmental and social goals of sustainability have become increasingly popular in many disciplines. In transport research, accessibility is a key tool to characterize linkages between people, transport, and land use. In the current paper, we propose a conceptual framework for measuring just accessibility within planetary boundaries. We first carry out a review of transport studies and discover a substantial body of literature on accessibility and social disadvantage, much vaster compared to the body of literature around environmental and ecological impacts of accessibility. We also show a gap in approaches that have integrated these two perspectives. Building on the review, we move forward by suggesting a conceptual framework for incorporating environmental and social sustainability goals in accessibility research. We conclude the paper by pointing to some key challenges and research avenues related to the framework, including (i) dealing with uncertainty and complexity in socio-ecological thresholds, (ii) developing ways to measure accessibility through other metrics than travel time, and (iii) integrating both quantitative and qualitative data.

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Section: Efforts For Socially and Environmentally Integrative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring just accessibility within planetary boundaries

Willberg¹,

Tenkanen²,

Miller³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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show abstract

“…The 20 MN domains were drawn from the Scottish Government national planning framework (Scottish Government, 2020a), the Place Standard (Hasler, 2018), recent literature describing operationalising of the 20 MN (Calafiore et al, 2022;Thornton et al, 2022) and consultation with a group of representatives from Architecture and Design Scotland (an executive Non-Departmental Public Body), government policy, public health and third-sector organisations. The consultation comprised a series of presentations to members of these organisations, feedback on its development and recommendations for further iterations.…”

Section: Defining the 20 Mn Domains And Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, whilst the principles by which 20 MNs might affect health and inequalities are quite clear, the empirical evidence for their potential is rather mixed. For example, in the Liverpool City Region (UK), areas with the worst access to key facilities and amenities were often the most disadvantaged (Calafiore et al, 2022), but in Scotland access to a number of facilities and amenities for residents was more even across levels of deprivation, with the most deprived areas often having better access (Macintyre et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nationwide equity assessment of the 20-min neighbourhood in the scottish context: A socio-spatial proximity analysis of residential locations

Olsen

Thornton

Tregonning

et al. 2022

Social Science & Medicine

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“…Race also seems to play a role on the access to transport opportunities, and consequently in the decisions on how to move [58][59][60]. Several authors have also pointed out the effect of low income, low level of education and suburban residential location on transport behaviour [61][62][63].…”

Section: Transport Modelling and Equalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fair Models for Impartial Policies: Controlling Algorithmic Bias in Transport Behavioural Modelling

Vega-Gonzalo

Christidis

2022

Sustainability

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The increasing use of new data sources and machine learning models in transport modelling raises concerns with regards to potentially unfair model-based decisions that rely on gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, income, education or other socio-economic and demographic data. We demonstrate the impact of such algorithmic bias and explore the best practices to address it using three different representative supervised learning models of varying levels of complexity. We also analyse how the different kinds of data (survey data vs. big data) could be associated with different levels of bias. The methodology we propose detects the model’s bias and implements measures to mitigate it. Specifically, three bias mitigation algorithms are implemented, one at each stage of the model development pipeline—before the classifier is trained (pre-processing), when training the classifier (in-processing) and after the classification (post-processing). As these debiasing techniques have an inevitable impact on the accuracy of predicting the behaviour of individuals, the comparison of different types of models and algorithms allows us to determine which techniques provide the best balance between bias mitigation and accuracy loss for each case. This approach improves model transparency and provides an objective assessment of model fairness. The results reveal that mode choice models are indeed affected by algorithmic bias, and it is proven that the implementation of off-the-shelf mitigation techniques allows us to achieve fairer classification models.

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The 20-minute city: An equity analysis of Liverpool City Region

Cited by 91 publications

References 50 publications

Measuring just accessibility within planetary boundaries

Measuring just accessibility within planetary boundaries

Nationwide equity assessment of the 20-min neighbourhood in the scottish context: A socio-spatial proximity analysis of residential locations

Fair Models for Impartial Policies: Controlling Algorithmic Bias in Transport Behavioural Modelling

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