The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in the Eastern United States – Causes and Results

Fry, William E.; McGrath, M. T.; Seaman, Abby; Zitter, Thomas A.; McLeod, A.; Danies, Giovanna; Small, Ian M.; Myers, Kevin; Everts, Kathryne L.; Gevens, A. J.; Gugino, Beth K.; Johnson, Steven B.; Judelson, Howard S.; Ristaino, Jean Beagle; Roberts, Pamela D.; Secor, Gary A.; Seebold, Kenneth W.; Snover-Clift, K.; Wyenandt, Christian A.; Grünwald, Niklaus J.; Smart, Christine D.

doi:10.1094/pdis-08-12-0791-fe

Cited by 127 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In recent years, disease severity and pathogen diversity rapidly increased with the occurrence of new genotypes in North America and elsewhere (Gisi et al 2011;Hu et al 2012;Kalischuk et al 2012;Chowdappa et al 2013;Fry et al 2013;Peters et al 2014). Such rapid changes in P. infestans populations suggest that sexually reproducing populations of P. infestans may now be established in Canada.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization ofPhytophthora infestanspopulations in Canada during 2012

Alkher

Islam

Wijekoon

et al. 2015

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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The late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) continues to cause major losses on potato and tomato in Canada and worldwide. An increased diversity of P. infestans and dramatic shifts in pathogen populations have occurred in Canada in recent years. In 2011, a survey identified different genotypes of P. infestans in Canada, including the new US-22, US-23 and US-24 genotypes, which were dominant in various Canadian provinces. In 2012, analysis of samples collected from infected potato and tomato plants from different regions in Canada indicated a rapid change in P. infestans populations in most provinces within a single year. For example, in Prince Edward Island, the US-8 genotype that dominated the P. infestans landscape for many years was displaced by the US-23 genotype, a phenomenon similar to that which occurred in western Canada in prior years. In British Columbia, however, US-11 and the new CA-12 were the dominant genotypes while in Ontario the tested isolates were US-22. Evidence for recombination was found, and increasing insensitivity to mefenoxam was apparent among isolates of some populations. Independent segregation of either Gpi, mating type or RG57 loci occurred in a number of the recombinant isolates, resulting in increased diversity of P. infestans populations. The unexpected change in composition of P. infestans genotypes supports the need for continued monitoring of this pathogen.Résumé: L'agent pathogène causant le mildiou (Phytophthora infestans) continue de causer des dommages importants aux cultures de pommes de terre et de tomates au Canada et partout dans le monde. Au cours des dernières années, au Canada, nous avons observé une augmentation de la diversité et des changements spectaculaires de populations chez P. infestans. En 2011, une étude canadienne a permis d'identifier différents génotypes de P. infestans, y compris les nouveaux génotypes US-22, US-23 et US-24 qui prédominaient dans différentes provinces. En 2012, une analyse d'échantillons collectés sur des plants infectés de pomme de terre et de tomate provenant de diverses régions du Canada a indiqué, au cours d'une seule année, un changement rapide dans les populations de P. infestans, et ce, dans la plupart des provinces. Par exemple, à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard, le génotype US-8, qui avait pendant longtemps dominé les populations de ce pathogène, a été détrôné par le génotype US-23, phénomène semblable à celui qui s'était produit dans l'Ouest canadien quelques années auparavant. Toutefois, en Colombie-Britannique, le génotype US-11 et le nouveau génotype CA-12 dominaient, tandis qu'en Ontario, les isolats testés correspondaient au génotype US-22. Des preuves relatives à la recombinaison ont été décelées et, parmi les isolats de certaines populations, une insensibilité accrue au méfénoxam s'est avérée de plus en plus évidente. La libre ségrégation du Gpi, du type sexuel ou du locus RG57 s'est produite chez plusieurs isolats recombinants, ce qui a entraîné une augmentation de la diversité des populations de P. infestans. Les chang...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Late blight is one of the most damaging diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (S. esculentum L.) (Fry & Goodwin 1997;Fry et al 2013) and is caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization ofPhytophthora infestanspopulations in Canada during 2012

Alkher

Islam

Wijekoon

et al. 2015

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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“…Because widely used site-specific fungicides, such as mefenoxam (the active isomer in metalaxyl), inhibit sporulation and mycelial growth inside host tissues by specifically inhibiting RNA polymearase-1, a mutation that changes the affinity of target sites could easily lead to fungicide resistance (Davidse et al 1983). Significant variations for mefenoxam sensitivity were identified among P. infestans isolates from the different genotypes (Hu et al 2012;Danies et al 2013;Fry et al 2013;Kalischuk et al 2012). Isolates of the US-8 and US-11 genotypes were resistant to mefenoxam, while isolates of the genotypes US-22, US-23 and US-24 were initially highly sensitive to sensitive to this fungicide.…”

Section: Evolution Of Late Blight Populations In United States and Camentioning

confidence: 98%

Evolution and Management of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Phytophthora Infestans in Canada and the United States

et al. 2014

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Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is the most historically significant and economically destructive disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). In addition to potato, P. infestans can also infect tomato and some other members of the Solanaceae, and this has contributed to the recent late blight epidemic in Canada and the United States. Propagation of P. infestans in Canada and the United States has been mainly through asexual reproduction and this has led to the development of several dominant clonal lineages. Various P. infestans markers have been developed that are invaluable in monitoring the evolution and movement of these P. infestans genotypes. Population diversity and disease incidence has increased through the development of systemic fungicide insensitivity and the transcontinental shipment of the pathogen on late blight infected potato tubers and tomato plantlets. Introduction of the P. infestans A2 mating type to several regions of Canada and the United States has also increased the opportunity for sexual reproduction and recombination, potentially contributing to greater P. infestans genetic diversity and pathogenicity. Advances in P. infestans molecular analysis have revealed a complex pathogen with a genome capable of evolving relatively quickly. Management of late blight will therefore require new, multifaceted strategies which include monitoring pathogen evolution and implementing sustainable production practices.Resumen El tizón tardío, causado por Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, es la enfermedad históricamente más significativa y económicamente destructiva de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.). Además de la papa, P. infestans también puede infectar tomate y a otros miembros de la familia Solanaceae, y esto ha contribuido a la reciente epidemia de tizón tardío en Canadá y los Estados Unidos. La propagación de P.infestans en estos dos países ha sido principalmente mediante reproducción asexual, lo que ha conducido al desarrollo de varias líneas clonales dominantes. Se han desarrollado varios marcadores para P. infestans que son invaluables en el seguimiento de la evolución y movimiento de estos genotipos de P. infestans. La diversidad de la población y la incidencia de la enfermedad han aumentado por vía del desarrollo de la insensibilidad a fungicidas sistémicos y del envío transcontinental del patógeno en tubérculos de papa infectados con tizón tardío y en plántulas de tomate. La introducción del tipo de compatibilidad A2 de P. infestans a varias regiones de Canadá y Estados Unidos también ha incrementado la oportunidad de reproducción sexual y recombinación, contribuyendo, potencialmente, a una mayor diversidad genética y patogenicidad de P. infestans. Avances en los análisis moleculares de P. infestans han revelado a un patógeno complejo con un genomio capaz de evolucionar relativamente rápido. El manejo del tizón tardío, entonces, requerirá de nuevas estrategias multifacéticas que incluyan monitoreo de la evolución del patógeno y la implementación de prá...

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“…For example, residential trees played a significant role in epidemics of citrus canker in Florida and plum pox in Canada [154,155]. Residential trees are also associated with the regional spread of pathogens via the nursery trade, as infected asymptomatic plants can be sold and distributed through this network [156,157]. In this case, the short latent period of laurel wilt on susceptible hosts may be advantageous, as asymptomatic infection of these species would probably play a negligible role in spreading the disease.…”

Section: Ecology and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems

Ploetz

Kendra²,

Choudhury

et al. 2017

Forests

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Laurel wilt kills members of the Lauraceae plant family in the southeastern United States. It is caused by Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich and Aghayeva, a nutritional fungal symbiont of an invasive Asian ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, which was detected in Port Wentworth, Georgia, in 2002. The beetle is the primary vector of R. lauricola in forests along the southeastern coastal plain of the United States, but other ambrosia beetle species that obtained the pathogen after the initial introduction may play a role in the avocado (Persea americana Miller) pathosystem. Susceptible taxa are naïve (new-encounter) hosts that originated outside Asia. In the southeastern United States, over 300 million trees of redbay (P. borbonia (L.) Spreng.) have been lost, and other North American endemics, non-Asian ornamentals and avocado-an important crop that originated in MesoAmerica-are also affected. However, there are no reports of laurel wilt on the significant number of lauraceous endemics that occur in the Asian homeland of R. lauricola and X. glabratus; coevolved resistance to the disease in the region has been hypothesized. The rapid spread of laurel wilt in the United States is due to an efficient vector, X. glabratus, and the movement of wood infested with the insect and pathogen. These factors, the absence of fully resistant genotypes, and the paucity of effective control measures severely constrain the disease's management in forest ecosystems and avocado production areas.

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The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in the Eastern United States – Causes and Results

Cited by 127 publications

References 37 publications

Characterization ofPhytophthora infestanspopulations in Canada during 2012

Characterization ofPhytophthora infestanspopulations in Canada during 2012

Evolution and Management of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Phytophthora Infestans in Canada and the United States

Laurel Wilt in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding the Drivers and Scales of Complex Pathosystems

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