The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future

Romanello, Marina; McGushin, Alice; Napoli, Claudia Di; Drummond, Paul; Hughes, Nick; Jamart, Louis; Kennard, Harry; Lampard, Pete; Rodríguez, Baltazar Solano; Arnell, Nigel W.; Ayeb‐Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan; Chu, Lingzhi; Ciampi, Luisa; Dalin, Carole; Dasandi, Niheer; Dasgupta, Shouro; Davies, Martin; Domínguez-Salas, Paula; Dubrow, Robert; Ebi, Kristie L.; Eckelman, Matthew J.; Ekins, Paul; Escobar, Luis E.; Georgeson, Lucien; Grace, Delia; Graham, Hilary; Gunther, Samuel H; Hartinger, Stella M.; He, Kehan; Heaviside, Clare; Hess, Jeremy; Hsu, Shih‐Che; Mikhaylov, Slava; Jiménez, Marcia P.; Kelman, Ilan; Kiesewetter, Gregor; Kinney, Patrick L.; Kjellström, Tord; Kniveton, Dominic; Lee, Jason; Lemke, Bruno; Liu, Yang; Liu, Zhao; Lott, Melissa; Lowe, Rachel; Martínez-Urtaza, Jaime; Maslin, Mark; McAllister, Lucy; McMichael, Celia; Mi, Zhifu; Milner, James; Minor, Kelton; Mohajeri, Nahid; Moradi‐Lakeh, Maziar; Morrissey, Karyn; Munzert, Simon; Murray, Kris A.; Neville, Tara; Nilsson, Maria; Obradovich, Nick; Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo; Oreszczyn, Tadj; Otto, M. Alexander; Owfi, Fereidoon; Pearman, Olivia; Pencheon, David; Rabbaniha, Mahnaz; Robinson, Elizabeth; Rocklöv, Joacim; Salas, Renee N; Semenza, Jan C.; Sherman, Jodi D.; Shi, Liuhua; Springmann, Marco; Tabatabaei, Meisam; Taylor, Jonathon; Triñanes, Joaquín; Shumake-Guillemot, Joy; Vu, Bryan N.; Wagner, Fabian; Wilkinson, Paul; Winning, Matthew; Yglesias, Marisol; Zhang, Shihui; Gong, Peng; Montgomery, Hugh; Costello, Anthony; Hamilton, Ian

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01787-6

Cited by 910 publications

(711 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…Where possible, we adopted the methods used by the Lancet Countdown, including those used in its 2021 report. 11 Where more appropriate for an Australia-focused assessment, or where it was possible to refine or improve on the original method as more precise and comprehensive data or methods were available at the national level, the method for the Australian indicators was modified or an alternative method was employed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the two indicators presented in detail here, the 2021 report of the MJA-Lancet Countdown on health and climate change has examined a further 35 indicators. 11 Key points from these include that Australians are increasingly exposed to and vulnerable to excess heat, and that this is already limiting our way of life and decreasing work productivity across a range of sectors. Other weather extremes are also on the rise, resulting in escalating social, economic and health impacts.…”

Section: Other Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Countdown reports of 2020 and 2021, 11,12 four new indicators are introduced this year: Heat impact on physical and sporting activities (indicator 1.4); Urban green space (indicator 2.6); Diet and health co-benefits (indicator 3.9); and Net value of fossil fuel subsidies and carbon prices (indicator 4.6). A further three new indicators are introduced this year that are unique to the MJA-Lancet Countdown and have been developed to address health and climate change issues of importance to Australia: Indigenous health and climate change (indicator 1.2); Bushfire adaptation…”

Section: Consistent With Developments In the Lancetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2021 MJA-Lancet Countdown report summarised here and available in full online 11 represents the work of seven Australian institutions in collaboration with University College London, brought together by an evolving partnership between The Lancet and The Medical Journal of Australia. The collaboration tracks the links between public health and climate change across about 40 indicators in five domains: climate change impacts, exposures and vulnerability; adaptation, planning and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We include a detailed explanation of two new indicators in this summary -"Heat impact on physical and sporting activities" and "Bushfire adaptation" -and also briefly outline key points relating to the other indicators described in detail in the full 2021 report. 11…”

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confidence: 99%

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The 2021 report of theMJA–LancetCountdown on health and climate change: Australia increasingly out on a limb

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Hobart) that exceeded the moderate, high and extreme Heat Stress Risk threshold as defined by the 2021 Sports Medicine Australia Extreme Heat Policy 13 2 Annual number of National Aerial Firefighting Centre (NAFC) aircraft services and volunteer firefighters and support staff in Australia from 2007-08 to 2020-21 NAFC aircraft services represent the number of aircraft in Australia available to fight bushfires. It should be noted that some aircraft double up for the north and south of the country; for example, an aircraft may run in Queensland then move to Tasmania as a separate service. A service is usually exclusive to NAFC use, mostly for 84 or 96 days each summer (some services run longer). Data sources: NAFC and Australian Government Productivity Commission. ◆ MJA 215 (9) ▪

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consistent With Developments In the Lancetmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 2021 report of theMJA–LancetCountdown on health and climate change: Australia increasingly out on a limb

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Why Health Care Needs Sustainable Waste Stream Management

2022

AMA Journal of Ethics

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How Should We Respond to Health Sector Emissions That Exacerbate Climate Change and Inequity?

Bryan

Yates

Tummala

2022

AMA Journal of Ethics

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A warming climate poses substantial risk to public health and worsens existing health inequity. As a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, the health sector has obligations and ample opportunities to protect health by decreasing waste and motivating more system-wide sustainable clinical practices. Such efforts will have important ethical implications for health equity. The American Medical Association designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ available through the AMA Ed Hub TM . Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.Case City Y has ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) of 2.5, a rate 25% higher than most American cities. The American Lung Association had flagged Y as 1 of 2 cities that fail State of the Air evaluations 1 in ozone and PM pollution. Y's air pollution is due to wood burning, which is common in nearby rural communities; its geographical location downwind from plants that power and process solid waste for 4 larger metropolitan regions in nearby neighboring states; and 3 major academic health centers. Thirty percent of contemporary illnesses (eg, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer) in Y are attributable to poor air quality. In the United States, communities of lower socioeconomic status are at risk of exposure to higher levels of air pollution than those of higher socioeconomic status, 2 and, worldwide, low-and middle-income countries are most at risk. 3 Moreover, diseases caused by pollution were estimated to be responsible for 16% of global mortality and 268 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide in 2015. 3 CommentaryThe evidence is clear that fossil fuel combustion is driving global temperatures upward through the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and worsening air quality via air pollution, both of which pose a major threat to human health. 4 Higher levels of GHGs trap excess heat energy within the atmosphere, which has contributed to an

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The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future

Cited by 910 publications

References 185 publications

The 2021 report of theMJA–LancetCountdown on health and climate change: Australia increasingly out on a limb

The 2021 report of theMJA–LancetCountdown on health and climate change: Australia increasingly out on a limb

Why Health Care Needs Sustainable Waste Stream Management

How Should We Respond to Health Sector Emissions That Exacerbate Climate Change and Inequity?

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