The 25 September 2007 eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Directed ballistics, surtseyan jets, and ice-slurry lahars

Kilgour, Geoff; Manville, V.; Pasqua, Fernando Della; Graettinger, Alison; Hodgson, K. A.; Jolly, Gill

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.015

Cited by 139 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The directionality of these blasts is often unpredictable, and can be influenced by external factors such as landslides (Christiansen 1980;Breard et al 2014), making it difficult to deterministically forecast future ballistic distributions. Mapped deposits from past eruptions are often not symmetrical around the vent, reflecting this directionality (Minakami 1942;Fudali and Melson 1972;Steinberg and Lorenz 1983;Kilgour et al 2010;Houghton et al 2011;Gurioli et al 2013;Fitzgerald et al 2014), and are sometimes the result of the crater and surrounding topography Tsunematsu et al 2016). Detailed descriptions and maps of ballistic impact distributions are rare, but those published may contain some of the following data: maximum ballistic travel distances (Steinberg and Lorenz 1983;Robertson et al 1998;Kaneko et al 2016); the outer edges of a ballistic field (Minakami 1942;Nairn and Self 1978;Yamagishi and Feebrey 1994); and/or maximum particle (Nairn and Self 1978;Steinberg and Lorenz 1983;Robertson et al 1998;Swanson et al 2012) or crater size (Robertson et al 1998;Maeno et al 2013;Kaneko et al 2016).…”

Section: Ballistic Hazard and Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed descriptions and maps of ballistic impact distributions are rare, but those published may contain some of the following data: maximum ballistic travel distances (Steinberg and Lorenz 1983;Robertson et al 1998;Kaneko et al 2016); the outer edges of a ballistic field (Minakami 1942;Nairn and Self 1978;Yamagishi and Feebrey 1994); and/or maximum particle (Nairn and Self 1978;Steinberg and Lorenz 1983;Robertson et al 1998;Swanson et al 2012) or crater size (Robertson et al 1998;Maeno et al 2013;Kaneko et al 2016). When isopleths of particle size are included these rarely contain individual measurements and may be severely limited by the availability of only specific mapped locations (e.g., Kilgour et al 2010;Houghton et al 2011). For this reason, the number of particles, sizes of particles, and spatial density per unit area is rarely reported (only four publications could be found with this level of detail- Pistolesi et al 2008;Swanson et al 2012;Gurioli et al 2013;Kaneko et al 2016).…”

Section: Ballistic Hazard and Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

Fitzgerald

Kennedy

Wilson

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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Tourists, hikers, mountaineers, locals and volcanologists frequently visit and reside on and around active volcanoes, where ballistic projectiles are a lethal hazard. The projectiles of lava or solid rock, ranging from a few centimetres to several metres in diameter, are erupted with high kinetic, and sometimes thermal, energy. Impacts from projectiles are amongst the most frequent causes of fatal volcanic incidents and the cause of hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage to buildings, infrastructure and property worldwide. Despite this, the assessment of risk and communication of ballistic hazard has received surprisingly little study. Here, we review the research to date on ballistic distributions, impacts, hazard and risk assessments and maps, and methods of communicating and managing ballistic risk including how these change with a changing risk environment. The review suggests future improvements to the communication and management of ballistic hazard.

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Section: Ballistic Hazard and Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ballistic Hazard and Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

Fitzgerald

Kennedy

Wilson

et al. 2017

Advances in Volcanology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eruptions in 1988Eruptions in , 2006Eruptions in , and 2007 occurred unheralded when the lake was cold with no signals of unrest (Hurst et al, 1991;Christenson and Wood, 1993;Christenson et al, 2010;Kilgour et al, 2010). The 25 September 2007 eruption followed 6 months of low lake temperatures, and geophysical disturbances were only recorded a few minutes before the explosive events (Christenson et al, 2010;Kilgour et al, 2010). Elemental S (S e ) was the most abundant vug-filling material of blocks ejected, together with anhydrite, gypsum, pyrite, and natroalunite, showing that the eruption occurred from within a sealed hydrothermal system (Christenson et al, 2010;Kilgour et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Idiosyncrasies of Volcanic Sulfur Viscosity and the Triggering of Unheralded Volcanic Eruptions

Scolamacchia¹,

Cronin

2016

Front. Earth Sci.

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Unheralded "blue-sky" eruptions from dormant volcanoes cause serious fatalities, such as at Mt. Ontake (Japan) on 27 September 2014. Could these events result from magmatic gas being trapped within hydrothermal system aquifers by elemental sulfur (S e ) clogging pores, due to sharp increases in its viscosity when heated above 159 • C? This mechanism was thought to prime unheralded eruptions at Mt. Ruapehu in New Zealand. Impurities in sulfur (As, Te, Se) are known to modify S-viscosity and industry experiments showed that organic compounds, H 2 S, and halogens dramatically influence S e viscosity under typical hydrothermal heating/cooling rates and temperature thresholds. However, the effects of complex sulfur compositions are currently ignored at volcanoes, despite its near ubiquity in long-lived volcano-hydrothermal systems. Changes in S-viscosity, leading to system sealing and sudden failure, can potentially occur at other volcanoes worldwide, including calderas, not only during phreatic eruptions. Models of impure S behavior must be urgently formulated to detect pre-eruptive warning signs before the next "blue-sky" eruption.

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“…대부분의 칼데라와 분화구 호수는 주변 지형 보다 높은 고도에 위치하며 고지대에 위치한 많은 양의 물은 외륜산 붕괴로 방류되어 잠재적 위험 요소가 될 수 있다 (Zen and Hadikusumo, 1965;Kilgour et al, 2010).…”

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Scenario-based Flood Disaster Simulation of the Rim Collapse of the Cheon-ji Caldera Lake, Mt. Baekdusan

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Choi³

et al. 2014

The Journal of Engineering Geology

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Volcanic eruptions alone may lead to serious natural disasters, but the associated release of water from a caldera lake may be equally damaging. There is both historical and geological evidence of the past eruptions of Mt. Baekdusan, and the volcano, which has not erupted for over 100 years, has recently shown signs of reawakening. Action is required if we are to limit the social, political, cultural, and economic damage of any future eruption. This study aims to identify the area that would be inundated following a volcanic flood from the Cheon-Ji caldera lake that lies within Mt. Baekdusan. A scenario-based numerical analysis was performed to generate a flood hydrograph, and the parameters required were selected following a consideration of historical records from other volcanoes. The amount of water at the outer rim as a function of time was used as an upper boundary condition for the downstream routing process for a period of 10 days. Data from the USGS were used to generate a DEM with a resolution of 100 m, and remotely sensed satellite data from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to show land cover and use. The simulation was generated using the software FLO-2D and was superposed on the remotely sensed map. The results show that the inundation area would cover about 80% of the urban area near Erdaobaihezhen assuming a 10 m/hr collapse rate, and 98% of the area would be flooded assuming a 100 m/hr collapse rate.

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The 25 September 2007 eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Directed ballistics, surtseyan jets, and ice-slurry lahars

Cited by 139 publications

References 53 publications

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards

Idiosyncrasies of Volcanic Sulfur Viscosity and the Triggering of Unheralded Volcanic Eruptions

Scenario-based Flood Disaster Simulation of the Rim Collapse of the Cheon-ji Caldera Lake, Mt. Baekdusan

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