The 2D:4D ratio is associated with performance in the ‘teacCh program’ of subjects with autism spectrum disorder

Petralia, Maria Cristina; Sagone, Elisabetta; Coco, Marinella; Gueli, Raffaele; Gregorio, Giulia Di; Coco, Lucio Salvatore Giovanni; Buscemi, Andrea; Perciavalle, Valentina

doi:10.3892/etm.2018.6834

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The intervention comprised activities such as recognizing colors and names of geometric shapes, self-help activities such as washing hands and brushing, and fine motor skills such as tying shoelaces and wearing clothes. 14 The purpose of these interventions was to stress cognitive and spatial, processing and visual memory, so that the children could easily perform their daily activities. 15 The risperidone dose was prescribed by a pediatric psychiatrist who was blind to the study.…”

Section: Virtual Reality + Risperidone Experimental Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Effect of Risperidone, Virtual Reality and Risperidone on Social Skills, and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism: A Follow-up Randomized Clinical Trial

et al. 2021

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Background: Improving behavioral and social problems in children with autism requires extensive training programs even with parents at home. The main goal of this study is to design a virtual reality (VR) intervention based on the TEACCH method in combination with risperidone to evaluate its effectiveness on social and behavioral problems. Methods: Forty-three children with autism (6-12 years old) randomly were divided into three groups: risperidone (n = 15), risperidone + VR (n = 15), and control (n = 13). The interventions lasted for 3 months (90 sessions) and post-test assessments were done immediately after intervention. Follow up tests were done 3 months after that. Results: Risperidone + VR group showed significant differences in social skills (MD = 36.59; 95% CI: 30.74 to 38.42, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 1.51 in post-test; MD = 19.63; 95% CI: 17.27 to 21.63, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.86 in follow up); and behavioral symptoms (MD = -36.12 ; 95% CI: -39.72 to -36.91, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 1.99 in post-test; MD = -28.82 ; 95% CI: -29.43 to -25.32, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 1.58 in follow up) compared to the control group. However, the risperidone group showed significant differences in social skills (MD = 2.03; 95% CI: 0.82 to 3.67, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.12) and behavioral symptoms (MD = -36.66; 95% CI: -38.96 to -34.27, P < 0.001, ŋ2 = 1.96) only in post-test. Thus, the experimental groups did not have any significant difference in post-test. Conclusion:Combined interventions such as VR can enhance the effectiveness of risperidone response and boost children's preparedness to practice and learn social interaction.

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Section: Virtual Reality + Risperidone Experimental Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Effect of Risperidone, Virtual Reality and Risperidone on Social Skills, and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism: A Follow-up Randomized Clinical Trial

et al. 2021

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“…autism and migraine [34]. The issue whether 2D:4D levels are associated with autism is still under investigation [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Until now the problem of the relationship between digit ratio and primary headaches has been addressed only in 1 original publication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal oestrogen-testosterone balance as a risk factor of migraine in adults

et al. 2021

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Background Migraine is a common neurological disease with extremely debilitating, but fully reversible symptoms. Women suffer from migraine more often than men. It was assumed that fluctuation of oestrogen level during menstrual cycle is one of many factors responsible for more frequent migraine attacks. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is considered as an indicator of prenatal sex steroids. Balance of prenatal androgens (testosterone) and oestrogen has been studied in numerous diseases that are affected by hormones. However, the relationship between migraine and the sex steroids balance in prenatal development is still unexplained. The aim of this paper is to provide an evidence of relationship between prenatal oestrogen and testosterone exposure following 2D:4D digit ratio, and migraine prevalence in adults. Methods We examined a group of 151 adults (33 males, 118 females) with migraine and a control group of 111 adults (45 males, 66 females). 2D:4D digit ratio of both hands was measured using sliding Vernier calliper. Results Significant differences were found in the right hand. Female migraineurs had lower value of 2D:4D ratio than the control group and the right 2D:4D was lower than left 2D:4D (Δ2D:4D), suggesting prenatal testosterone dominance. The opposite relationship was observed in males. Male migraineurs had higher value of 2D:4D ratio and Δ2D:4D was greater than the control group, suggesting prenatal oestrogen dominance. Conclusions Our results suggest that depending on sex, different proportion of prenatal sex steroids might be a risk factor of migraine in adults. Women with migraine were presumably exposed in prenatal life to higher testosterone levels relative to oestrogen, while men with migraine were probably exposed in prenatal life to higher levels of oestrogen relative to testosterone.

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