The folding of proteins in living cells may start during their synthesis when the polypeptides emerge gradually at the ribosomal exit tunnel. However, our current understanding of cotranslational folding processes at the atomic level is limited. We employed NMR spectroscopy to monitor the conformation of the SH3 domain from α-spectrin at sequential stages of elongation via in vivo ribosomearrested 15 N, 13 C-labeled nascent polypeptides. These nascent chains exposed either the entire SH3 domain or C-terminally truncated segments thereof, thus providing snapshots of the translation process. We show that nascent SH3 polypeptides remain unstructured during elongation but fold into a compact, native-like β-sheet assembly when the entire sequence information is available. Moreover, the ribosome neither imposes major conformational constraints nor significantly interacts with exposed unfolded nascent SH3 domain moieties. Our data provide evidence for a domainwise folding of the SH3 domain on ribosomes without significant population of folding intermediates. The domain follows a thermodynamically favorable pathway in which sequential folding units are stabilized, thus avoiding kinetic traps during the process of cotranslational folding. nascent chains | protein folding | ribosome P rotein biosynthesis is achieved by the conversion of genetic information into linear sequences of amino acids and the subsequent folding of the polypeptide chains into their threedimensional structures. In vivo, the cotranslational folding of newly synthesized proteins is limited by the kinetics of translation and thus must be tightly coordinated with their synthesis on ribosomes. For some proteins, their cotranslational folding might be delayed until the complete sequence information of a folding unit or domain is available, whereas others may start to acquire structural elements even when their folding information is incomplete and concurrent with their elongation at about 15-20 or 5-7 amino acids per second on bacterial or eukaryotic ribosomes, respectively (1). Several pioneering structural studies on ribosomes have been performed that provide detailed insights into the protein translation machinery (2-4). The diameter of the ribosomal tunnel could allow for a peptide to adopt α-helical structure, and a recent study suggests that nascent chains can make distinct contacts within the tunnel interior (5). Furthermore, there is evidence that some proteins start to acquire secondary and tertiary structures as soon as they emerge from the ribosomal exit tunnel (6, 7). While recent studies have provided evidence for the structural ordering of nascent chains (8-10), the folding pathway of elongating polypeptides remains largely unexplored. Moreover, it is unclear whether the tethering of the polypeptide to the translation machinery or intermolecular interactions between the nascent polypeptide and the ribosomal surface play a role in the cotranslational folding process.In this study, we provide a detailed structural description of the cotranslat...