The 5-factor model of psychological response to COVID-19: its correlation with anxiety and depression

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the psychological response to COVID-19 on a community Egyptian sample and the correlation thereof with anxiety and depression. Further, we aimed to explore the differences in the psychological response and psychopathology in terms of demographics. We developed a COVID-19 Psychological Response Questionnaire (CPRQ). Further, we estimated the factor structure and internal consistency of CPRQ. Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) was utilized to assess Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD-7) was utilized to assess Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The sample comprised 7015 participants whose ages ranged between 18 and 70 years. The present study results yielded a 5-factor model of psychological response to COVID-19 (the factors are Anxiousness, Social Support, Avoiding/Cleaning, Depressivity, and Medical Concern). In terms of reliability, the internal consistency of the above factors was acceptable except for Depressivity. There were significant positive correlations between two factors (Anxiousness and Depressivity) and both MDD and GAD. In terms of demographic characteristics, females had the highest values on Anxiousness, Avoiding/Cleaning, Depressivity, MDD, and GAD. Generally, the 5-factor model reflects the psychological response to COVID-19 during the period of the outbreak. Further, this model reflects several concepts regarding models and theories of health-related behaviors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-01701-y.

The relationship between information overload and state of anxiety in the period of regular epidemic prevention and control in China: a moderated multiple mediation model

“…The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused the world to face a major health and safety crisis. The epidemic not only threatens people's physical health, causing various physical symptoms, sequelae, and even death (Lang et al, 2020 ; Odone et al, 2020 ; Speth et al, 2020 ); it also has a huge impact on individual mental health, such as anxiety and depression (Aboul-ata & Qonsua, 2022 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Choi et al, 2020 ; Yue et al, 2020 ). This is not only because of the epidemic itself, but also because of the overwhelming information given during the epidemic (Catedrilla et al, 2020 ; Gallotti et al, 2020 ; Patel et al, 2020 ; Patwa et al, 2021 ).…”

Evidence of mental health-related morbidities and its association with socio-economic status among previously hospitalized patients with symptoms of COVID-19 in Bangladesh

“…According to the findings of this study, participants who reported experiencing one mental health-related symptom were more likely to be from the lower socio-economic group. Recent evidence indicated higher socio-economic status to be associated with less likelihood of developing mental healthrelated morbidities (19). Other studies from LMIC contexts have presented similar findings (14,(56)(57)(58).…”

“…as the social and economic fallout-all potentially stimulate sadness, anxiety, worry, depression (19), fear (20), anger, frustration, loneliness and stress (9,19,21) during the pandemic.…”

Factors affecting face mask-wearing behaviors to prevent COVID-19 among Thai people: A binary logistic regression model

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